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2007年9月27日 星期四
0926期稿件
食品安全控管恢恢 黑心中國銷售全球 吳佳真
中國劣質食品已成為「黑心」產品的代名詞，近來引起全球恐慌的中國黑心食品如致癌大閘蟹、頭髮醬油、假酒、毒寵物食品等使消費者失去信心，掀起了抵制中國產品的風潮，在台灣及歐美國家甚至出現了以非中國製造標籤來提昇產品形象及安全性的做法中國黑心食品的販賣情形。
事實上，WHO自2000年開始，為了減少開發中國家食物引起的疾病，將食品安全列為主要公共衛生議題之一，開始建構食物感染疾病之監控系統、食品安全標準、風險評估、品質要求計畫，在基改食品出現後，加強了新科技產品的安全檢驗，亦鼓勵政府應與民眾進行正確的風險溝通，並加強各會員國疫情資源的利用等等。 食品的化學性污染漸漸是食品安全的一大焦點，跨國性組織CAC(Codex Alimentarius Commission )確立國際間的食物標準Codex Standards予各國參考，成為各國食品管制的訂定指標。
日漸氾濫的中國黑心食品不僅顯示食品安全標準及檢測的重要，亦是檢驗各國食品安全控管系統的完整性之時機。2004十月Global Fora of Food Safety Regulators在泰國孟買舉行第二屆全球食品安全控管會議，以「建立有效的食品安全控制管制系統」為題，邀請各國一同分享管制經驗及討論相關的重要議題。印度政府以該國「出口食品的控制及檢定」的經驗，建議出口食品量大的國家應確認進口國家的食物標準及檢測方法，與進口國家達成食品檢定決議，藉著自我食品檢定確保出口食品的安全，不但能保護消費者，建立國家信譽，亦能減少出口末端食品認證的時間和金錢，避免負擔退貨的額外損失。
美國政府亦指出，其各自有兩個單位控管進口食品，FSIS(The Food Safety and Inspection Service)規定進口肉類、禽類及蛋類國家應與美方有相同的食品管制檢查機制，HHS/FDA(The U.S. Food and Drug Administration within the Department of Health and Human Services) 則規定各國進口的其他所有食品之製造程序應符合美國當局的安全要求，違反規定即無法進口至美國。
國際貿易將食品從製造國送往世界的另一頭，各國進出口的食品控管系統各自面對互相折衷規範的情形。中國食品在此氛圍露出劣質原形，遭受各國譴責，其後兩領導人胡錦濤及溫家寶皆誓言加強產品安全監管力度和法律體系建設，從而使全球消費者的權益得到更好的保障。但在強力管制之前，中國食品的製造源頭之原料、生產製造、販賣等過程仍有錯綜複雜的問題有待當局解決為先。
參考資料：
1. 維基百科，黑心食品
2. WHO，http://www.who.int/features/qa/19/en/index.html
What is WHO doing to help countries improve food safety?
3. WHO，http://www.who.int/foodsafety/codex/en/
Food standards (Codex Alimentarius)
4. Ms Shashi Sareen, Director, Export Inspection Council, India ，Food Export Control And Certification，Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators，Bangkok， Thailand， 12-14 October 2004
5. the United States of America，Food Export Control And Certification，Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators ， Thailand， 12-14 October 2004
中國應重新面對產品品質不良的問題 顏稚浩
從今年(2007)四五月間開始，美國媒體開始大幅度報導有關中國的黑心食品，該月就有257項中國大陸被以安全問題為由，拒絕入境美國。之後又爆發了一連串的黑心產品事件，從震驚全球的巴拿馬的毒感冒糖漿事件、導致美國境內許多家庭飼養的寵物死亡的有毒飼料、義大利和西班牙查獲的有毒牙膏，到屬於美國境內的回收含鉛的玩具、有問題的輪胎、零食的調味料被驗出受沙門氏菌(salmonella)污染和被檢驗出含有禁用的抗生素的海鮮等。這些事件顯示出作為世界上重要的產品輸出國家，中國在管制其輸出食品的安全把關上出現了一些問題，導致有越來越多的人開始把”中國製造”和”不安全”畫上等號，據報導甚至也有製造商在其商品上標榜”非中國製造”來使消費者安心。
隨著其他國家對中國製的食品質疑的聲浪越來越高漲之際，中國起初維持其一貫的否認作風，將問題歸咎於其他國家的檢驗誤差、安全檢測的標準不同之外，其官方還宣稱美國輸入中國食品的近三年平均合格率只有98.9%，低於中國輸美食品99%以上的合格率。也有學者說今年上半年中國對美國出口總值達1072億美金，順差更高達739.1億美金，較去年同期增加了18.6%，這讓美國政府感到不悅，所以認為黑心食品問題的突然爆發，很大的一部分只是美國政府用來發洩對巨大的貿易逆差問題的不滿而已。不過隨著問題食品如滾雪球般越滾越大，北京當局也不得不承認確實在食品的安全管制系統出現了問題，像是權責不明，很多機構都對食品和藥物有檢測權，導致責任上出現重疊; 相關的規定執法不嚴;部分製造商鑽法律漏洞，以次級品替代來謀取暴利; 沒有建立起一套完整、統一的檢測系統來應付中國這個快速成長和流動的經濟等。不過值得一提的是，中國政府在同時也加強檢查其他國家輸入的食品作為反制，這兩個月來包括美國進口的內類和家禽製品被沙門氏菌汙染、日本的奶粉含鋅量低於包裝標示、印尼的水產品含有過量的微生物、菲律賓的食品也被驗出含有重金屬等事件也陸續爆發。
不過也有人把這項舉動解讀為中國政府在有能力完全解決自身的問題前，對其他國家進行的反抹黑手段。
中國民眾對這些事件的看法深受媒體的影響，食品問題剛爆發時，中國的媒體多數把它訴諸於貿易障礙問題，而不認為那是真正食品出了問題。不過最近開始有少數的媒體認為應該屏棄那種看法，而開始認真面對來自國外的質疑聲浪。
一般民眾對於國內的食品安全也有信心動搖的情況，很多消費者對層出不窮的問題食品新聞感到難以招架，根據報載，有些民眾已經不知道什麼東西可以吃，什麼東西有問題不能吃了，他們也不知道政府如何在食品安全上做把關，他們只知道安全可供食用的食物已經越來越少了。
在本身的食品安檢系統的改進上，北京當局在六月間由國家會議(state council)發表聲明說，中國將全面改革其食品和藥物的安全規定，這是至今中國對於食品安全問題最強烈的談話。七月間，中國皆露了新的食品和不合格的輸出品的管制措施，中國官方也誓言加強管理運用在內類和海鮮的化學藥品。七月底中美兩國在北京就食品安全議題舉行會談，八月間中國也派出代表團到華盛頓，與美方做近一步的討論，預計雙方在今年底前會就食品安全簽署備忘錄，在雙方進行會談之際，中國政府也關閉了三家違反食品安全規定的公司，這三家公司分別涉及了巴拿馬含二甘醇有毒感冒糖漿，和生產含有三聚氯胺(melamine)的寵物飼料的事件。北京當局也計劃在2010年時建立一套對食品藥物進出口以及藥物隨機檢測的管制標準，雖然他們還沒有說明是否會提供更多的資金在這件事上，以及由哪一個機構執行這項業務。幾個月前，北京當局將其前食品與藥物管理局局長判處死刑並已執行槍決。他被控收受廠商賄賂，讓未經檢測的藥物合法上市。
雖然這件事不免讓人對其食品安全檢測系統的公信力有了懷疑，不過從中國政府鐵腕處理這件醜聞來看，可以看出其改善食品安全的決心。
大部分的外國政府官員對於中國的改革措施均表示樂觀其成，不過他們也表示如果中國的產品持續出現問題，他們還是會做近一步的限制。不過有部分專家則對中國的宣示抱持懷疑的態度，他們認為有一部分是之前就已經做過的承諾了，而且中國並沒有承認所有的問題，其官方不斷指控這是國際媒體誇大了中國有問題的產品。有些專家也認為部分問題已經根深蒂固了，改革不可能進行的很快速，中國的經濟快速成長，要建立起能夠監控所有產品的系統所耗費的成本相當大，這實非一朝一夕就可以達成的。不過還是有評論家認為，對照之前一直不願意承認問題的中國政府來說，現在他們對這個問題的處理態度令人感到樂觀。
參考資料
1. 工商時報 B1-2版 96.08.12
2. 中國時報 A13版 96.08.01
3. http://www.nytimes.com/ (紐約時報)
4. http://www.cnn.com/ (CNN)
黑心食品的最大受害者—中國 林民浩
當世界上把”Made in China”當作一種警語，對於中國製造的產品採取高規格檢驗措施的同時，我們卻忽略了中國當地的民眾，他們的生活周遭充斥著黑心商品，這些中國民眾才是黑心食品的最大受害者。據指出，百分之八十二的大陸民眾擔心食品安全問題，更有高達百分之九十一的受訪者表示，曾經在生活中遭遇到食品安全的問題(王信賢，中國大陸黑心食品問題，陸委會)。
近年來，中國大陸重大的黑心食品事件層出不窮：2004年爆發黑心商人收集理髮店剪下的頭髮，經由化工廠以化學藥劑提煉出胺基酸溶液，並加入醬油中，以減少大豆的使用，達到降低成本的目的，但這些自頭髮提煉出來的胺基酸溶液，含有砷、鉛、氯丙醇等，而製成的醬油中則帶有4-甲基咪唑，可誘發癲癇，甚至致癌，受害人數不明；2003年阜陽劣質奶粉事件：安徽省阜陽縣自2003年底，陸續發現有嬰兒出現「頭極大，但軀幹發育不良」的情況，經調查，發現這些嬰兒使用黑心奶粉，比起一般奶粉蛋白質含量介於12%至18%間，該黑心奶粉的蛋白質含量只有0.37%，其營養價值遠低於一般奶粉，使得嬰兒在發育過程中營養不良，最後甚至死亡，據統計，至少有12人死亡，超過二百人有營養不良的情形，除了安徽外，在其他省分也有類似事件傳出。除此之外，還有成千上百的黑心食品，危害著中國民眾的健康。
一般咸信看得到的黑心商品只是冰山一角，還有許許多多黑心商品，是尚未被揭露的，但目前中國大陸資訊傳播受到管制，相關訊息無法被傳播及接收，再加以中國本身的官僚制度，黑心商品的檢舉訊息往往被掩蓋，民眾無法得知相關訊息的情況下，只能無辜受害。然而世界衛生組織在解決中國黑心食品方面，毫無著力點。而國際間的貿易手段，效力只及於中國大陸的進出口商品，對於中國內部的貨物品質問題乃至於內政問題，除譴責外，也毫無辦法。儘管中國官方已宣稱著手解決相關問題，甚至與國際合作，參與訂定食品安全國際標準，但成效如何，仍令人存疑。目前黑心食品問題只能仰賴中國大陸本身自覺，徹底落實相關食品安全管理，亦期待國際間能對此投注更多關注的眼神，並採取更積極的方式迫使中國面對、解決問題。
參考資料：
1. http://www.mac.gov.tw/big5/risk/2-3.pdf
2.http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81
中國經濟與安全應同時並進 陳治平
經濟的發展是否真的讓我們吃的更健康？這對於中國來說似乎要打上一個問號。中國目前雖然在經濟上有明顯的發展，但是對於產品的品質要求上仍在原地踏步，從今年數種產品發生問題似乎可見一番。
中國在今年陸續在食品上發生問題，有寵物食品的成分不良造成寵物腎臟問題，使得美國有相當數量的寵物因此死亡。而中國出口的海產也因檢驗出內含重金屬可能造成人體傷害。這些食品衛生問題更近一步到達產品安全上，中國出產的玩具外層塗料上含有過量的鉛，另一方面部分牙膏產品內含工業用的二丁醇也存在致癌風險等。這些問題都顯現出在低成本取向的中國產品，存在著另一層的健康及安全衛生的隱憂。
這似乎不是一個單純的問題。一般我們多數會認為在經濟開始發展以後，能夠將生活水準有所提升，但是對於中國這樣的發展狀況，利用低工資、低成本吸引國際投資及進駐，在於汙染及環境保護的支出似乎就不甚重視，雖然近年中國更改經濟政策，希望從低成本高勞力的產業，改走向有永續發展、重視生活環境的經濟發展。但內陸的省份為求能和沿海發展快速的省份有相同的競爭力，勢必在部份限制及管理上必需妥協及讓步，這往往都是環保及衛生限制。這也帶來了更多的食品及衛生問題。
這造成兩種途徑的食品安全衛生問題：第一，部份商人為求低成本生產，在品質檢驗不完善及相關衛生條件未能強力執行下(執法機關收賄等)，使用工業用或是不符合標準的材料來製作食品(先前曾被報導的紙餡包子即是比較誇張的案例)，這往往會造成直接食用者中毒的案例發生。對於出口的產品來說，相對可能發生的案例數量會比較低，但是對於國內的使用者來說，卻往往是被隨著極高的風險。第二，長期生產高污染性的產品(如電鍍、電池等)，對於環境將留有重大的汙染，而污染物也將帶入食物鏈當中，人也將有可能吃到這樣的產物(中國海鮮存在重金屬就可能是這樣的問題)。
這對於中國來說，直接的衝擊是食品安全上的不信任及產品的信譽遭受損害，進而使得經濟上受到損失。這對於中國來說，似乎是個不大好的消息。中國必須在經濟發展的同時，提高國內對於食品衛生上的要求，更近一步對於整個產品製造上的標準及執行上更加嚴格。這是對於中國面對現有產品受到國際不信任所必須做的改進，另一方面，中國人民一直處在如此隨時可能因不良食品而有生命威脅的情況下，食品安全及衛生上的保障，將也是中國改進人權問題的必要措施。
資料來源：
1. BBC NEWS, “China food safety head executed”, 10 July 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286698.stm
2. BBC NEWS, ” China cracks down on food safety”, 9 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6638113.stm
3. economist, “China's food safety”, Jun 12th 2007, http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9325404
4. MSNBC, “China's food safety woes now a global concern”, April 12, 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18078824/from/ET/
5. BBC NEWS, “US checks toothpaste for toxins”, 24 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6686627.stm
黑心氾濫，民眾如何自保 李芳盈
近來黑心食品氾濫，令人聞之色變，唯恐自己不小心買到或是誤食黑心食品。在媒體的報導之下，將所有不合乎理想期待的食品，都簡化歸類為「黑心食品」，造成這個名詞的濫用，到底什麼是「名符其實」的黑心食品呢？
按照中華民國行政院衛生署消費者資訊網所提供的定義，簡單來說：不該給人吃的，拿來給人吃，以及對消費者的健康、權益有重大危害的食品，都算是「黑心食品」。前者例如病死豬肉，病死豬肉屬於廢棄物，應該按照規定的相關管道回收或銷毀，不能再食用，若把這些病死豬肉當作食品，無論是否真的危害人體健康，都算是黑心食品。而食物中若出現不該添加的防腐劑，蔬菜水果使用不該使用的殺蟲劑，養雞鴨使用不該使用的抗生素，或是添加合法但過量的防腐劑、使用「合法」的抗生素，卻沒有適當的停藥時間等，也算是黑心食品。而隨著所添加的成份不同，黑心食品對人體的健康也造成不同的危害，例如過氧化氫，大多使用在病死的家禽家畜，將其漂白及殺菌，避免肉品發出腐敗的味道，若食用過量，則會造成頭痛、嘔吐，對皮膚及腸胃道都有腐蝕性的傷害。為了讓食品賣相更好，添加二氧化硫讓食品的顏色更鮮艷，但二氧化硫可能引發哮喘、呼吸困難等症狀。
為了因應層出不窮的黑心食品事件，政府對食品這個部份的把關越來越嚴格，包括賣場產品的標示抽查、抽驗以及生產源頭的管理。但由於賣場產品的標示抽查及抽驗屬於產品上市後的管理，可能等到不合格的檢驗報告出來時，產品早已銷售出去，因此對於食品的管理，從源頭就開始把關才是最重要的。因此行政院消費者保護委員會積極推動多項措施，除協調農委會、環保署等單位強化「環境污染與食品安全衛生監控機制」、「聯合查核(緝)行動」等防制黑心食品的合作機制外，並建立整體「食品製造業履歷管理機制」，以確實掌握食品產製及販售流向、研擬「管制黑心再生商品計畫」，就工廠管理、商品檢驗、商品標示及廢棄物回收處理等各項措施積極規範、評估試辦乳製品履歷制度之可行性、設立黑心食品免付費檢舉專線電話、規劃建立「食品安全警報紅綠燈機制」、研議修正「食品衛生管理法」，加重不法業者之行政罰鍰及罰金額度等。
其中「食品安全紅綠燈」這項措施對民眾最有助益，在第一時間內為民眾帶來最即時最詳盡的建議；食品安全的事件發生時，專家小組會在6~8小時以內，提供食品相關資訊：包含發佈日、燈號、事件過程、處置建議，讓民眾作為參考，其中「紅燈」指的是對人體有立即危害，包括遭下毒、重金屬或是抗生素超過標準值的食品，此外，即使對人體無害，但是以不該給人吃的原料製作的食品，也納入其中、「黃燈」指的是對人體有安全疑慮、或是添加物違反規定的食品、「綠燈」就是可以安心食用的指標，指的是原料雖不符合規定，但是這項瑕疵不影響食用安全的食品。
除了從政策上改善之外，許多政府單位更設立與食品安全相關的網站供民眾瀏覽查閱，例如：「消費者資訊網」、「食品資訊網」、「不安全進口產品資訊網」等，有些網站還提供諮詢專線及申訴信箱，歡迎民眾共同檢舉不法的黑心食品。想要徹底打擊黑心食品，需要政府與民間共同合作，由政府做好源頭把關及過程中的查驗，民眾也要記得切勿貪小便宜，購買來路不明或標示不清的食品，向信用良好之企業經營者購買，才能安心食用各種食品。
參考資料：
1. 行政院衛生署消費者資訊網 http://consumer.doh.gov.tw/fdaciw/pages/index.jsp
2. 食品資訊網 http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/chinese.asp
3. 不安全進口產品資訊網 http://www.unsafeimports.nat.gov.tw
(4) 行政院消費者保護委員會 http://www.cpc.gov.tw/fp.asp?id=317
Reflection behind the “Black-Hearted Food”:
Media’s effect on food safety in Taiwan 陳柏翰
Have you ever worried about the food you bought from the market when you see news on TV concerning the safety of the similar items? Maybe some of us are clever enough to differentiate the black-hearted products and ones with officially acknowledged labels, but many others are not. The media are capable of magnifying some certain insignificant events in our society, and the phenomenon gets even worse in Taiwan. On one hand, the media environment in Taiwan is among the freest in Asia and extremely competitive. On the other hand, the multitude is ravenous for gossips, which results in great competitions that the agencies always run after acerbic news to cater public tastes. The reasons above both result in categorizing all the products under expectation into the range of black-hearted food. Therefore as soon as we know what the black-hearted food is and what Taiwan government has done regarding food safety, we will identify the black-hearted food handily.
What is Black-Hearted Food?
The black-hearted food is, in official definition, the food that is not esculent for human, but produced and proffered by wicked dealer. The diseased meat, for example, are classic events occurring quite often in Taiwan. It is viewed as waste which should be recycled or destroyed by burning whether it is harmful to human health or not. Besides, food that is detrimental to consumer’s health and right is another definition for black-hearted food. For instance, unexpected antiseptics in food, fruit and vegetables with illegal pesticide are typical items of black-hearted food. Moreover, poultry products applying legal antibiotics without appropriate suspension period is also classified into black-hearted food.
The Certification, Traceability Systems and Labels
What has Taiwan government done toward food safety? To protect consumers from hazards of black-hearted food, the Council of Agriculture (COA) and acknowledged organizations started to advance some products certification and traceability systems, and labeling as well.
The COA began to implement the agriculture products resume information system in 2006. In the primary step, carrots and organic paddy are the two first products detailed by the system. Consumers can check all the producing procedures, including soil conditions, fertilizer and pesticides applications…etc, through the bar-code and resume checking machines in the supermarkets. And more and more product resumes will be added in the system. In addition to the resume information system, the authority concerned has also established the quality certification system. The three measures COA adopted in 2006 certification system are that coaching to establish brands, reinforcing marketing strategies and enlarging visibility, also including strengthening the tracing mechanism.
The traceability system was implemented in 2005. The system achieved the establishment of Taiwan Good Agriculture Practices (TGAP) for some of agricultural products. Also some demonstration pilots are promoted and educated to conduct paper records and pesticides application management. The scope of 2006 work plan is to integrate resume information system and recording methods of different certified organizations. The most important event is to upload the paper records to the information tracing platform. Besides, Department of Health has also implemented GHP (Good Hygienic Practice) and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) to reinforce source control in the food manufacturing process.
Labeling, the friendliest measure, is still considered an effective way against black-hearted food. Following is the brief introduction of some common labels concerning food safety in Taiwan.
(A) (B) (C)
Label (A) presents Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), which is certified by Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI). The GMP label promotes the industry to implement good manufacturing practice. Its main scope concerns the fundamental management of “4M”, which are Man, Material, Machine, and Method. There exist 25 different categories of food labeling GMP in the market, which enables the consumers to shop at ease.
CAS (Chinese Agricultural Standard), the label (B), is certified by the COA, Executive Yuan. Its goal is to raise the quality standard of agricultural products and its artifacts. The characteristics of the products labeling CAS include consistent quality and composition, the manufacturing process under the Act Governing Food Sanitation, intact packing with precise composition details, and homegrown raw materials.
The third label is called Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). COA plays the role in certifying fruit and vegetables to insure quality and safety. The three circles in the label indicate Coaching, Inspection, and Control in reminding farmers of following appropriate agricultural practice.
The Department of Health (DOH), Executive Yuan are also aware of the demand-side concerning food safety. DOH has constructed several websites to inform and educate the mass population with correct general knowledge, simplified regulations and the latest updated food information. Consumers can check certain food information they are interested in the websites such as Consumer Information Website and Food Information Website. The interactive activities DOH has developed, for instance, are Diet Quotient Quizzes and Food Safety Alert Mechanism. Diet Quotient Quizzes are some problems testing general population’s common knowledge about food safety. Consumers can not only examine their general sense but also get correct information. On the other hand, Food Safety Alert Mechanism reminds the consumers of the latest updated information through green-yellow-red light. If there are any news about black-hearted food, consumers can surf the website to see which light shines for the certain food. In conclusion, the mass population can receive instant official information by way of internet, which can eliminate the magnified effect by the news agencies.
True amplified examples in Taiwan
(I) In June 2005, United States confirmed that the second annual case of prion disease had occurred. Since then, the news agencies and many representatives began appealing not buying and eating American beef. In addition, the opinionists asked suppliers to remove all the related products from the markets. By such acrimonious movement, many consumers would be most likely considering all the American beef products were infected with prion disease. It seemed to be that there existed great possibilities that any one who ate American beef would be attacked by the prion protein. Although the concepts above would be considered silly by some consumers with medical background, the anti-beef movement brought the masses no practical benefit, but panic. According to the proclamation of U.S. Meat Export Federation, the infected beef was not in part of any food supply chain. As a result, the mass media and Taiwan government should cooperate to stress the regulation and inspection of quality of American beef as part of mass health education.
(II) In recent years, there was a case that a carcinogenic risk assessment study of oyster was misemployed in a news report. Some news agencies neglected the conditions under the study and overemphasized the study result that the carcinogenic risk was 500 times higher than the standard set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the overblow of the mass media, consumers were afraid of excess uptake of the heavy metals and the related industry suffered uncountable damage. The event again indicates the importance in stressing the expertise of the news agencies and the role of government regarding the media environment management.
Source
1. 藥物食品安全周報
http://www.nlfd.gov.tw/uploadfile/File/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1%E7%AC%AC002%E6%9C%9F.pdf
2. Food Information Website
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/chinese.asp
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/libary/libary5_2_7.htm
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/history_post_1.asp?idx=129
3. BBC News, Taiwan profile
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm
4. 2006 Year Book
http://www7.www.gov.tw/EBOOKS/TWANNUAL/show_book.php?path=8_011_061
5. Agriculture and Food Agency
http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.asp?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=327&hcatid=331&sub=t
6. News
http://food.doh.gov.tw/files/paper/0094.jpg
中國劣質食品已成為「黑心」產品的代名詞，近來引起全球恐慌的中國黑心食品如致癌大閘蟹、頭髮醬油、假酒、毒寵物食品等使消費者失去信心，掀起了抵制中國產品的風潮，在台灣及歐美國家甚至出現了以非中國製造標籤來提昇產品形象及安全性的做法中國黑心食品的販賣情形。
事實上，WHO自2000年開始，為了減少開發中國家食物引起的疾病，將食品安全列為主要公共衛生議題之一，開始建構食物感染疾病之監控系統、食品安全標準、風險評估、品質要求計畫，在基改食品出現後，加強了新科技產品的安全檢驗，亦鼓勵政府應與民眾進行正確的風險溝通，並加強各會員國疫情資源的利用等等。 食品的化學性污染漸漸是食品安全的一大焦點，跨國性組織CAC(Codex Alimentarius Commission )確立國際間的食物標準Codex Standards予各國參考，成為各國食品管制的訂定指標。
日漸氾濫的中國黑心食品不僅顯示食品安全標準及檢測的重要，亦是檢驗各國食品安全控管系統的完整性之時機。2004十月Global Fora of Food Safety Regulators在泰國孟買舉行第二屆全球食品安全控管會議，以「建立有效的食品安全控制管制系統」為題，邀請各國一同分享管制經驗及討論相關的重要議題。印度政府以該國「出口食品的控制及檢定」的經驗，建議出口食品量大的國家應確認進口國家的食物標準及檢測方法，與進口國家達成食品檢定決議，藉著自我食品檢定確保出口食品的安全，不但能保護消費者，建立國家信譽，亦能減少出口末端食品認證的時間和金錢，避免負擔退貨的額外損失。
美國政府亦指出，其各自有兩個單位控管進口食品，FSIS(The Food Safety and Inspection Service)規定進口肉類、禽類及蛋類國家應與美方有相同的食品管制檢查機制，HHS/FDA(The U.S. Food and Drug Administration within the Department of Health and Human Services) 則規定各國進口的其他所有食品之製造程序應符合美國當局的安全要求，違反規定即無法進口至美國。
國際貿易將食品從製造國送往世界的另一頭，各國進出口的食品控管系統各自面對互相折衷規範的情形。中國食品在此氛圍露出劣質原形，遭受各國譴責，其後兩領導人胡錦濤及溫家寶皆誓言加強產品安全監管力度和法律體系建設，從而使全球消費者的權益得到更好的保障。但在強力管制之前，中國食品的製造源頭之原料、生產製造、販賣等過程仍有錯綜複雜的問題有待當局解決為先。
參考資料：
1. 維基百科，黑心食品
2. WHO，http://www.who.int/features/qa/19/en/index.html
What is WHO doing to help countries improve food safety?
3. WHO，http://www.who.int/foodsafety/codex/en/
Food standards (Codex Alimentarius)
4. Ms Shashi Sareen, Director, Export Inspection Council, India ，Food Export Control And Certification，Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators，Bangkok， Thailand， 12-14 October 2004
5. the United States of America，Food Export Control And Certification，Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators ， Thailand， 12-14 October 2004
中國應重新面對產品品質不良的問題 顏稚浩
從今年(2007)四五月間開始，美國媒體開始大幅度報導有關中國的黑心食品，該月就有257項中國大陸被以安全問題為由，拒絕入境美國。之後又爆發了一連串的黑心產品事件，從震驚全球的巴拿馬的毒感冒糖漿事件、導致美國境內許多家庭飼養的寵物死亡的有毒飼料、義大利和西班牙查獲的有毒牙膏，到屬於美國境內的回收含鉛的玩具、有問題的輪胎、零食的調味料被驗出受沙門氏菌(salmonella)污染和被檢驗出含有禁用的抗生素的海鮮等。這些事件顯示出作為世界上重要的產品輸出國家，中國在管制其輸出食品的安全把關上出現了一些問題，導致有越來越多的人開始把”中國製造”和”不安全”畫上等號，據報導甚至也有製造商在其商品上標榜”非中國製造”來使消費者安心。
隨著其他國家對中國製的食品質疑的聲浪越來越高漲之際，中國起初維持其一貫的否認作風，將問題歸咎於其他國家的檢驗誤差、安全檢測的標準不同之外，其官方還宣稱美國輸入中國食品的近三年平均合格率只有98.9%，低於中國輸美食品99%以上的合格率。也有學者說今年上半年中國對美國出口總值達1072億美金，順差更高達739.1億美金，較去年同期增加了18.6%，這讓美國政府感到不悅，所以認為黑心食品問題的突然爆發，很大的一部分只是美國政府用來發洩對巨大的貿易逆差問題的不滿而已。不過隨著問題食品如滾雪球般越滾越大，北京當局也不得不承認確實在食品的安全管制系統出現了問題，像是權責不明，很多機構都對食品和藥物有檢測權，導致責任上出現重疊; 相關的規定執法不嚴;部分製造商鑽法律漏洞，以次級品替代來謀取暴利; 沒有建立起一套完整、統一的檢測系統來應付中國這個快速成長和流動的經濟等。不過值得一提的是，中國政府在同時也加強檢查其他國家輸入的食品作為反制，這兩個月來包括美國進口的內類和家禽製品被沙門氏菌汙染、日本的奶粉含鋅量低於包裝標示、印尼的水產品含有過量的微生物、菲律賓的食品也被驗出含有重金屬等事件也陸續爆發。
不過也有人把這項舉動解讀為中國政府在有能力完全解決自身的問題前，對其他國家進行的反抹黑手段。
中國民眾對這些事件的看法深受媒體的影響，食品問題剛爆發時，中國的媒體多數把它訴諸於貿易障礙問題，而不認為那是真正食品出了問題。不過最近開始有少數的媒體認為應該屏棄那種看法，而開始認真面對來自國外的質疑聲浪。
一般民眾對於國內的食品安全也有信心動搖的情況，很多消費者對層出不窮的問題食品新聞感到難以招架，根據報載，有些民眾已經不知道什麼東西可以吃，什麼東西有問題不能吃了，他們也不知道政府如何在食品安全上做把關，他們只知道安全可供食用的食物已經越來越少了。
在本身的食品安檢系統的改進上，北京當局在六月間由國家會議(state council)發表聲明說，中國將全面改革其食品和藥物的安全規定，這是至今中國對於食品安全問題最強烈的談話。七月間，中國皆露了新的食品和不合格的輸出品的管制措施，中國官方也誓言加強管理運用在內類和海鮮的化學藥品。七月底中美兩國在北京就食品安全議題舉行會談，八月間中國也派出代表團到華盛頓，與美方做近一步的討論，預計雙方在今年底前會就食品安全簽署備忘錄，在雙方進行會談之際，中國政府也關閉了三家違反食品安全規定的公司，這三家公司分別涉及了巴拿馬含二甘醇有毒感冒糖漿，和生產含有三聚氯胺(melamine)的寵物飼料的事件。北京當局也計劃在2010年時建立一套對食品藥物進出口以及藥物隨機檢測的管制標準，雖然他們還沒有說明是否會提供更多的資金在這件事上，以及由哪一個機構執行這項業務。幾個月前，北京當局將其前食品與藥物管理局局長判處死刑並已執行槍決。他被控收受廠商賄賂，讓未經檢測的藥物合法上市。
雖然這件事不免讓人對其食品安全檢測系統的公信力有了懷疑，不過從中國政府鐵腕處理這件醜聞來看，可以看出其改善食品安全的決心。
大部分的外國政府官員對於中國的改革措施均表示樂觀其成，不過他們也表示如果中國的產品持續出現問題，他們還是會做近一步的限制。不過有部分專家則對中國的宣示抱持懷疑的態度，他們認為有一部分是之前就已經做過的承諾了，而且中國並沒有承認所有的問題，其官方不斷指控這是國際媒體誇大了中國有問題的產品。有些專家也認為部分問題已經根深蒂固了，改革不可能進行的很快速，中國的經濟快速成長，要建立起能夠監控所有產品的系統所耗費的成本相當大，這實非一朝一夕就可以達成的。不過還是有評論家認為，對照之前一直不願意承認問題的中國政府來說，現在他們對這個問題的處理態度令人感到樂觀。
參考資料
1. 工商時報 B1-2版 96.08.12
2. 中國時報 A13版 96.08.01
3. http://www.nytimes.com/ (紐約時報)
4. http://www.cnn.com/ (CNN)
黑心食品的最大受害者—中國 林民浩
當世界上把”Made in China”當作一種警語，對於中國製造的產品採取高規格檢驗措施的同時，我們卻忽略了中國當地的民眾，他們的生活周遭充斥著黑心商品，這些中國民眾才是黑心食品的最大受害者。據指出，百分之八十二的大陸民眾擔心食品安全問題，更有高達百分之九十一的受訪者表示，曾經在生活中遭遇到食品安全的問題(王信賢，中國大陸黑心食品問題，陸委會)。
近年來，中國大陸重大的黑心食品事件層出不窮：2004年爆發黑心商人收集理髮店剪下的頭髮，經由化工廠以化學藥劑提煉出胺基酸溶液，並加入醬油中，以減少大豆的使用，達到降低成本的目的，但這些自頭髮提煉出來的胺基酸溶液，含有砷、鉛、氯丙醇等，而製成的醬油中則帶有4-甲基咪唑，可誘發癲癇，甚至致癌，受害人數不明；2003年阜陽劣質奶粉事件：安徽省阜陽縣自2003年底，陸續發現有嬰兒出現「頭極大，但軀幹發育不良」的情況，經調查，發現這些嬰兒使用黑心奶粉，比起一般奶粉蛋白質含量介於12%至18%間，該黑心奶粉的蛋白質含量只有0.37%，其營養價值遠低於一般奶粉，使得嬰兒在發育過程中營養不良，最後甚至死亡，據統計，至少有12人死亡，超過二百人有營養不良的情形，除了安徽外，在其他省分也有類似事件傳出。除此之外，還有成千上百的黑心食品，危害著中國民眾的健康。
一般咸信看得到的黑心商品只是冰山一角，還有許許多多黑心商品，是尚未被揭露的，但目前中國大陸資訊傳播受到管制，相關訊息無法被傳播及接收，再加以中國本身的官僚制度，黑心商品的檢舉訊息往往被掩蓋，民眾無法得知相關訊息的情況下，只能無辜受害。然而世界衛生組織在解決中國黑心食品方面，毫無著力點。而國際間的貿易手段，效力只及於中國大陸的進出口商品，對於中國內部的貨物品質問題乃至於內政問題，除譴責外，也毫無辦法。儘管中國官方已宣稱著手解決相關問題，甚至與國際合作，參與訂定食品安全國際標準，但成效如何，仍令人存疑。目前黑心食品問題只能仰賴中國大陸本身自覺，徹底落實相關食品安全管理，亦期待國際間能對此投注更多關注的眼神，並採取更積極的方式迫使中國面對、解決問題。
參考資料：
1. http://www.mac.gov.tw/big5/risk/2-3.pdf
2.http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81
中國經濟與安全應同時並進 陳治平
經濟的發展是否真的讓我們吃的更健康？這對於中國來說似乎要打上一個問號。中國目前雖然在經濟上有明顯的發展，但是對於產品的品質要求上仍在原地踏步，從今年數種產品發生問題似乎可見一番。
中國在今年陸續在食品上發生問題，有寵物食品的成分不良造成寵物腎臟問題，使得美國有相當數量的寵物因此死亡。而中國出口的海產也因檢驗出內含重金屬可能造成人體傷害。這些食品衛生問題更近一步到達產品安全上，中國出產的玩具外層塗料上含有過量的鉛，另一方面部分牙膏產品內含工業用的二丁醇也存在致癌風險等。這些問題都顯現出在低成本取向的中國產品，存在著另一層的健康及安全衛生的隱憂。
這似乎不是一個單純的問題。一般我們多數會認為在經濟開始發展以後，能夠將生活水準有所提升，但是對於中國這樣的發展狀況，利用低工資、低成本吸引國際投資及進駐，在於汙染及環境保護的支出似乎就不甚重視，雖然近年中國更改經濟政策，希望從低成本高勞力的產業，改走向有永續發展、重視生活環境的經濟發展。但內陸的省份為求能和沿海發展快速的省份有相同的競爭力，勢必在部份限制及管理上必需妥協及讓步，這往往都是環保及衛生限制。這也帶來了更多的食品及衛生問題。
這造成兩種途徑的食品安全衛生問題：第一，部份商人為求低成本生產，在品質檢驗不完善及相關衛生條件未能強力執行下(執法機關收賄等)，使用工業用或是不符合標準的材料來製作食品(先前曾被報導的紙餡包子即是比較誇張的案例)，這往往會造成直接食用者中毒的案例發生。對於出口的產品來說，相對可能發生的案例數量會比較低，但是對於國內的使用者來說，卻往往是被隨著極高的風險。第二，長期生產高污染性的產品(如電鍍、電池等)，對於環境將留有重大的汙染，而污染物也將帶入食物鏈當中，人也將有可能吃到這樣的產物(中國海鮮存在重金屬就可能是這樣的問題)。
這對於中國來說，直接的衝擊是食品安全上的不信任及產品的信譽遭受損害，進而使得經濟上受到損失。這對於中國來說，似乎是個不大好的消息。中國必須在經濟發展的同時，提高國內對於食品衛生上的要求，更近一步對於整個產品製造上的標準及執行上更加嚴格。這是對於中國面對現有產品受到國際不信任所必須做的改進，另一方面，中國人民一直處在如此隨時可能因不良食品而有生命威脅的情況下，食品安全及衛生上的保障，將也是中國改進人權問題的必要措施。
資料來源：
1. BBC NEWS, “China food safety head executed”, 10 July 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286698.stm
2. BBC NEWS, ” China cracks down on food safety”, 9 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6638113.stm
3. economist, “China's food safety”, Jun 12th 2007, http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9325404
4. MSNBC, “China's food safety woes now a global concern”, April 12, 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18078824/from/ET/
5. BBC NEWS, “US checks toothpaste for toxins”, 24 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6686627.stm
黑心氾濫，民眾如何自保 李芳盈
近來黑心食品氾濫，令人聞之色變，唯恐自己不小心買到或是誤食黑心食品。在媒體的報導之下，將所有不合乎理想期待的食品，都簡化歸類為「黑心食品」，造成這個名詞的濫用，到底什麼是「名符其實」的黑心食品呢？
按照中華民國行政院衛生署消費者資訊網所提供的定義，簡單來說：不該給人吃的，拿來給人吃，以及對消費者的健康、權益有重大危害的食品，都算是「黑心食品」。前者例如病死豬肉，病死豬肉屬於廢棄物，應該按照規定的相關管道回收或銷毀，不能再食用，若把這些病死豬肉當作食品，無論是否真的危害人體健康，都算是黑心食品。而食物中若出現不該添加的防腐劑，蔬菜水果使用不該使用的殺蟲劑，養雞鴨使用不該使用的抗生素，或是添加合法但過量的防腐劑、使用「合法」的抗生素，卻沒有適當的停藥時間等，也算是黑心食品。而隨著所添加的成份不同，黑心食品對人體的健康也造成不同的危害，例如過氧化氫，大多使用在病死的家禽家畜，將其漂白及殺菌，避免肉品發出腐敗的味道，若食用過量，則會造成頭痛、嘔吐，對皮膚及腸胃道都有腐蝕性的傷害。為了讓食品賣相更好，添加二氧化硫讓食品的顏色更鮮艷，但二氧化硫可能引發哮喘、呼吸困難等症狀。
為了因應層出不窮的黑心食品事件，政府對食品這個部份的把關越來越嚴格，包括賣場產品的標示抽查、抽驗以及生產源頭的管理。但由於賣場產品的標示抽查及抽驗屬於產品上市後的管理，可能等到不合格的檢驗報告出來時，產品早已銷售出去，因此對於食品的管理，從源頭就開始把關才是最重要的。因此行政院消費者保護委員會積極推動多項措施，除協調農委會、環保署等單位強化「環境污染與食品安全衛生監控機制」、「聯合查核(緝)行動」等防制黑心食品的合作機制外，並建立整體「食品製造業履歷管理機制」，以確實掌握食品產製及販售流向、研擬「管制黑心再生商品計畫」，就工廠管理、商品檢驗、商品標示及廢棄物回收處理等各項措施積極規範、評估試辦乳製品履歷制度之可行性、設立黑心食品免付費檢舉專線電話、規劃建立「食品安全警報紅綠燈機制」、研議修正「食品衛生管理法」，加重不法業者之行政罰鍰及罰金額度等。
其中「食品安全紅綠燈」這項措施對民眾最有助益，在第一時間內為民眾帶來最即時最詳盡的建議；食品安全的事件發生時，專家小組會在6~8小時以內，提供食品相關資訊：包含發佈日、燈號、事件過程、處置建議，讓民眾作為參考，其中「紅燈」指的是對人體有立即危害，包括遭下毒、重金屬或是抗生素超過標準值的食品，此外，即使對人體無害，但是以不該給人吃的原料製作的食品，也納入其中、「黃燈」指的是對人體有安全疑慮、或是添加物違反規定的食品、「綠燈」就是可以安心食用的指標，指的是原料雖不符合規定，但是這項瑕疵不影響食用安全的食品。
除了從政策上改善之外，許多政府單位更設立與食品安全相關的網站供民眾瀏覽查閱，例如：「消費者資訊網」、「食品資訊網」、「不安全進口產品資訊網」等，有些網站還提供諮詢專線及申訴信箱，歡迎民眾共同檢舉不法的黑心食品。想要徹底打擊黑心食品，需要政府與民間共同合作，由政府做好源頭把關及過程中的查驗，民眾也要記得切勿貪小便宜，購買來路不明或標示不清的食品，向信用良好之企業經營者購買，才能安心食用各種食品。
參考資料：
1. 行政院衛生署消費者資訊網 http://consumer.doh.gov.tw/fdaciw/pages/index.jsp
2. 食品資訊網 http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/chinese.asp
3. 不安全進口產品資訊網 http://www.unsafeimports.nat.gov.tw
(4) 行政院消費者保護委員會 http://www.cpc.gov.tw/fp.asp?id=317
Reflection behind the “Black-Hearted Food”:
Media’s effect on food safety in Taiwan 陳柏翰
Have you ever worried about the food you bought from the market when you see news on TV concerning the safety of the similar items? Maybe some of us are clever enough to differentiate the black-hearted products and ones with officially acknowledged labels, but many others are not. The media are capable of magnifying some certain insignificant events in our society, and the phenomenon gets even worse in Taiwan. On one hand, the media environment in Taiwan is among the freest in Asia and extremely competitive. On the other hand, the multitude is ravenous for gossips, which results in great competitions that the agencies always run after acerbic news to cater public tastes. The reasons above both result in categorizing all the products under expectation into the range of black-hearted food. Therefore as soon as we know what the black-hearted food is and what Taiwan government has done regarding food safety, we will identify the black-hearted food handily.
What is Black-Hearted Food?
The black-hearted food is, in official definition, the food that is not esculent for human, but produced and proffered by wicked dealer. The diseased meat, for example, are classic events occurring quite often in Taiwan. It is viewed as waste which should be recycled or destroyed by burning whether it is harmful to human health or not. Besides, food that is detrimental to consumer’s health and right is another definition for black-hearted food. For instance, unexpected antiseptics in food, fruit and vegetables with illegal pesticide are typical items of black-hearted food. Moreover, poultry products applying legal antibiotics without appropriate suspension period is also classified into black-hearted food.
The Certification, Traceability Systems and Labels
What has Taiwan government done toward food safety? To protect consumers from hazards of black-hearted food, the Council of Agriculture (COA) and acknowledged organizations started to advance some products certification and traceability systems, and labeling as well.
The COA began to implement the agriculture products resume information system in 2006. In the primary step, carrots and organic paddy are the two first products detailed by the system. Consumers can check all the producing procedures, including soil conditions, fertilizer and pesticides applications…etc, through the bar-code and resume checking machines in the supermarkets. And more and more product resumes will be added in the system. In addition to the resume information system, the authority concerned has also established the quality certification system. The three measures COA adopted in 2006 certification system are that coaching to establish brands, reinforcing marketing strategies and enlarging visibility, also including strengthening the tracing mechanism.
The traceability system was implemented in 2005. The system achieved the establishment of Taiwan Good Agriculture Practices (TGAP) for some of agricultural products. Also some demonstration pilots are promoted and educated to conduct paper records and pesticides application management. The scope of 2006 work plan is to integrate resume information system and recording methods of different certified organizations. The most important event is to upload the paper records to the information tracing platform. Besides, Department of Health has also implemented GHP (Good Hygienic Practice) and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) to reinforce source control in the food manufacturing process.
Labeling, the friendliest measure, is still considered an effective way against black-hearted food. Following is the brief introduction of some common labels concerning food safety in Taiwan.
(A) (B) (C)
Label (A) presents Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), which is certified by Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI). The GMP label promotes the industry to implement good manufacturing practice. Its main scope concerns the fundamental management of “4M”, which are Man, Material, Machine, and Method. There exist 25 different categories of food labeling GMP in the market, which enables the consumers to shop at ease.
CAS (Chinese Agricultural Standard), the label (B), is certified by the COA, Executive Yuan. Its goal is to raise the quality standard of agricultural products and its artifacts. The characteristics of the products labeling CAS include consistent quality and composition, the manufacturing process under the Act Governing Food Sanitation, intact packing with precise composition details, and homegrown raw materials.
The third label is called Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). COA plays the role in certifying fruit and vegetables to insure quality and safety. The three circles in the label indicate Coaching, Inspection, and Control in reminding farmers of following appropriate agricultural practice.
The Department of Health (DOH), Executive Yuan are also aware of the demand-side concerning food safety. DOH has constructed several websites to inform and educate the mass population with correct general knowledge, simplified regulations and the latest updated food information. Consumers can check certain food information they are interested in the websites such as Consumer Information Website and Food Information Website. The interactive activities DOH has developed, for instance, are Diet Quotient Quizzes and Food Safety Alert Mechanism. Diet Quotient Quizzes are some problems testing general population’s common knowledge about food safety. Consumers can not only examine their general sense but also get correct information. On the other hand, Food Safety Alert Mechanism reminds the consumers of the latest updated information through green-yellow-red light. If there are any news about black-hearted food, consumers can surf the website to see which light shines for the certain food. In conclusion, the mass population can receive instant official information by way of internet, which can eliminate the magnified effect by the news agencies.
True amplified examples in Taiwan
(I) In June 2005, United States confirmed that the second annual case of prion disease had occurred. Since then, the news agencies and many representatives began appealing not buying and eating American beef. In addition, the opinionists asked suppliers to remove all the related products from the markets. By such acrimonious movement, many consumers would be most likely considering all the American beef products were infected with prion disease. It seemed to be that there existed great possibilities that any one who ate American beef would be attacked by the prion protein. Although the concepts above would be considered silly by some consumers with medical background, the anti-beef movement brought the masses no practical benefit, but panic. According to the proclamation of U.S. Meat Export Federation, the infected beef was not in part of any food supply chain. As a result, the mass media and Taiwan government should cooperate to stress the regulation and inspection of quality of American beef as part of mass health education.
(II) In recent years, there was a case that a carcinogenic risk assessment study of oyster was misemployed in a news report. Some news agencies neglected the conditions under the study and overemphasized the study result that the carcinogenic risk was 500 times higher than the standard set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the overblow of the mass media, consumers were afraid of excess uptake of the heavy metals and the related industry suffered uncountable damage. The event again indicates the importance in stressing the expertise of the news agencies and the role of government regarding the media environment management.
Source
1. 藥物食品安全周報
http://www.nlfd.gov.tw/uploadfile/File/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E9%80%B1%E5%A0%B1%E7%AC%AC002%E6%9C%9F.pdf
2. Food Information Website
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/chinese.asp
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/libary/libary5_2_7.htm
http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/history_post_1.asp?idx=129
3. BBC News, Taiwan profile
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm
4. 2006 Year Book
http://www7.www.gov.tw/EBOOKS/TWANNUAL/show_book.php?path=8_011_061
5. Agriculture and Food Agency
http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.asp?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=327&hcatid=331&sub=t
6. News
http://food.doh.gov.tw/files/paper/0094.jpg
2007年9月18日 星期二
第一期英文翻譯稿
World Rabies Day Knocks at the World Chen, Chih-Ping
September 8th , 2007 is World Rabies Day. WHO associates with Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services(HCPHES), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to raise the public awareness about the current worldwide rabies situation and its prevention through vaccines.
Rabies is infected through animals or patients with rabies infection since their saliva carry the virus. Rabies virus enters human bodies from those infected saliva by scratching and biting while sometimes via skin wound and mucosal. Thus, scratching by rabies infected animals is also dangerous and the reason is that animals will lick their feet. Rabies can transmit to any mammal. But the major infectious animals to human are cats, dogs, raccoons and bats. These animals have more chances to contact human beings especially cats and dogs while raccoons and bats are easier to encounter in the outdoor activities.
Nowadays one single person dies of rabies in every ten minutes on the world. It mainly happens in Asia and Africa especially in India and China. In fact, thanks too the current medical treatment, these people do not really have to face the death. Rabies vaccines can highly prevent the disease occurrence. On the other hand, as far as the infected mammals are concerned, the similar oral vaccines have been produced. For those animal threatened by rabies into extinction, probably this is another solution.
Although rabies is curable, still many people die of rabies on the world and the majority is children. Such a problem may not totally result from the medical problems but the accessible treatment for every possible infected person. It may result from the insufficient vaccines and the high medical price. Moreover, in China, the rapid growing of pet raising will increase the possibility of infection due to the insufficient awareness of public health, the lack of social ethics and the increase of stray dogs.
The record of rabies in Taiwan can be dated back to 1947 from Shanghai to Taiwan. After the first reported case in 1948, still some minor cases continued to happen. Then, the vaccination of pet dogs and the killing of stray dogs had been launched. Since 1959, human rabies no longer occurred. After January 1961, animal rabies no longer occurred as well. Taiwan so far is non-epidemic area. Only in 2002, one imported case from China was reported. Thus, the principal threat in Taiwan so far is from imported infection. Health inspection and quarantine will be the main prevention. However, due to the serious trafficking between Taiwan and China, there are still relatively huge chances to transmit the disease from imported cases or the origin of infection.
The important mission of World Rabies Day is to appeal the public awareness and attention to rabies and to make everyone understand the pathogenic mechanism and situation of such an exiting disease. Through the prevention and complete treatment, rabies is expected to become a noun in the history.
Data resources:
1. http://www.worldrabiesday.org/index_en.php
2. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2007/world_rabies_day/en/index.html
3. http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=8023437
4. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index_info_info.asp?data_id=848
5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A673599
6. http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3235830.stm
The Unsolved Problems of Rabies in China Lee, Fang-Ying
Rabies is globally widespread especially in Asia, the major infectious area of rabies and death cases. Currently the incidence rate of rabies in China is only second to India, the second highest on the world while the difficulty in tackling rabies in both countries is slightly different. According to the statistics, in the first half of this year, 1400 people are infected rabies while about 1100 people die in China. Thus, after Taiwan initiated the small three links in Kinmen, the pandemic information in China should keep a more precise eye.
Rabies always stands for top three pandemics with high death rate in China. Facing this situation, the Chinese government does not really take some actions. For examples, every province has set up the regulation of pet raising and issued the permit of pet raising. However, the problem of rabies in China still remains unresolved. Where does the problem come from?
First, though the registration of the pet raising permit is regulated, the registration fee is too costly. For example, in Guanzhou, the registration fee is 10,000NTD? or RMB? and 6000 NTD or RMB is paid for annual inspection. Thus, some pet keepers are speculated and keep the ‘illegal’ dogs without applying for the permit.
Second, the quality of vaccines is unstable and the vaccination is not completed. Rabies vaccination is the most effective prevention from the disease. Selecting the most qualified rabies vaccines is the priority. However, not only the amount of the vaccines prepared in China is insufficient but also some fake vaccines killed people. Hence, Ministry of Health in PRC and State Food and Drug Administration issued the emergent notice to enhance the control and supervision of rabies vaccines and to stop the unexamined vaccines entering the operating sector. However, in the end of July, this year, one case of fake drug was investigated in HeiLongJiang Province, China including the fake rabies vaccines.
Third, due to the increasing amount of pet dogs and the stray dogs in the suburb and rural areas, it is hard to collect data and to control the exact amount of dogs and the situation. This makes the public lack of awareness including the government.
‘As far as I understand, rabies is not increasing in China. China is a huge country. It is normal that some cases appear in rural areas.’stated Mr. Jiang Zuojun, vice minister of Ministry of Health in a press conference.
Additionally, due to the lack of professional management and detention centers, people do not know where to apply for the permit. Even though there are many illegal dogs, no one appeals and even no one deals with it. Under the circumstance of the unorganized management, and the ignorance of the regulation, the related regulation is like a blank sheet.
From those above mentioned problems, China should change the policy toward the decrease of rabies. Currently the Chinese government usually uses the so-called management, vaccination and killing to deal with stray dogs. However, it is not successful and many pet dogs are forced to or mistaken to be killed. This appeals many objections from animal protection groups. In fact, the brutal killing should not be launched but the principal management to tackle the rabies since it always depends on keepers’ determination and social ethics. The most principal reason for dog trouble is that irresponsible dog keepers do not keep their own dogs well. Thus, the legislation restricts those keepers. What important is that the legislation must be enforced precisely. There was no special legislation in the past. However, many loopholes happen because of the loose enforcement. For example, huge dogs are transferred to somewhere else during the check. After the check is finished, they can be moved back. In addition, some packaged policy should be launched to lower down the registration fee and annual checking fee, to manage the dog market, to strengthen the animal disease prevention and the function of control center, to provide free rabies vaccines or to launch pet-raising regulatory group in order to supervise dog keepers in the neighborhood. In conclusion, promoting civilized pet raising for keepers without bothering some other else and following the regulation will be the efficient and principal ways to tackle rabies.
Data resources:
http://www.39kf.com/focus/zt/Rabies/
http://www.cdc.gov.tw/
The Booming India. The Highest rabies Infection Wu, Chia-Cheng
Vaccination and animal control project can prevent from rabies 100%. However, India is still highly dangerous for rabies. Due to the expensive vaccines and medicine, time-consuming and painful vaccination treatment and large amount of stray dogs suffering from rabies, rabies disease in that country remains on top. According to the neighborhood survey in 2003 by APCRI, about more than 20,000 people in every 100,000 people are estimated to suffer from rabies and most of them are male adults living in rural areas without any vaccination.
The animal prevention area is only short-term effective.
The prevention way of animal rabies include that the public is forced to do the pet registration and pet vaccination. Otherwise, the pets would be dealt as stray dogs. The number of stray dogs should be controlled and dogs are induced to be fed the oral rabies vaccine. Meanwhile, those which are infected rabies should be caught and killed. Then, the regular inspection or the killing of suspicious stray dogs should be carried out. All the above-mentioned strategies only apply to the last prevention in a small area. Thus, the effect can be paid off in a short time. However, due to the huge mobility of stray dogs, the control of funding and the difficult resource of vaccines, the rabies can not be prevented in a longer term. The long-term governmental animal prevention strategy should start to investigate the origin of all the stray dogs, to launch dog castration in order to stop the growth of stray dogs. Meanwhile, the education of rabies prevention should be strengthened on publics. The public should get away from stray dogs. They should also take their own pets to do the castration and vaccination in animal clinics and even should not abandon their pets to increase the member of stray dogs. Thus, the problems of dog rabies infection can really eliminate from the bottom.
The value of the importance of vaccine prevention.
The Indian government should cooperate with the drug sector.
Though the dog bite is the major reason for rabies infection in India, apart from the animal prevention to control the disease, medical staffs in India indicate that due to the expensive vaccines and medical treatment, and the 14 day vaccination, most of the patients do not complete the treatment and a loophole occurs in the rabies prevention.
According to the first chapter Rabies Vaccines in India in the first part Is it just vaccines? in New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits？published by Indian National Coordination Committee and JSA(Jan Swasthya Abhiyan) in 2007, the Indian government is accused of using the outdated, expensive and unsafe rabies vaccines prepared with sheep brain. Indian drug controllers never negotiate with MNC pharmaceutical company to lower down the price of safer and new cell-cultured vaccines and to generalize it. The Intra Dermal route of new vaccines can lower down the dose for money saving and security reason. However, two brands of MNC pharmaceutical company, Rabipur and Verorab, are never registered for this technology. Thus, in India, more dose of intramuscular vaccination is widely applied.
Rabies disease in India is still very popular. It not only influences the domestic progress in politics and economics but also becomes a huge loophole for the global disease prevention. Before the international organizations force the government to conduct the precise control, if the drug controllers can focus on the problems of the expensive price of vaccines and the outdated vaccination skills and negotiate in a proper political way, India can be shown as a real country with cultures, economic boom and humanism worth of the global investment and respect.
Data resources:
1. Indian doctors want cheaper rabies drugs ,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/822457.stm
2. The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in Indian stray dogs , F. Cliquet, J.P. Gurbuxani, H.K. Pradhan,Vaccine ,Volume 25, Issue 17, 30 April 2007, Pages 3409-3418
3. Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Dutta JK. Trop Doct. 1999 Oct;29(4):196-201
4. Epidemiology of dog bites: a community-based study in India. Agarwal N, Reddajah VP. Trop Doct. 2004 Apr;34(2):76-8.
5. http://phm-india.org/pdf/nha2/New_technologies.pdf ,New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
Does Taiwan Face the Potential Outbreak of Rabies? Yen, Chi-Hao
Since 1959, there has been no human rabies case in Taiwan while since 1961, there has been no animal rabies case. The term, rabies, for young Taiwanese generation, is rather unknown. But it may not be known that Taiwan is one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. The rest of the six are Japan, the UK, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand and Iceland. It may be more unclear that rabies in fact is a disease sharing between animals and human beings. The major infection is among warm-blooded hosts. People usually are infected by the bite, scratches and wound licking from rabies infected cats and dogs. Though there are rabies vaccines, it is useless to inject the vaccines until the infection. The death rate of rabies is almost 100 percent. Though currently Taiwan is a non-epidemic area, Taiwan faces several hidden worries of the outbreak of rabies which are the most neglected parts by the public.
1. The insufficient resources of international health information
Due to the restriction of international political situation, Taiwan is not eligible to participate in the important international health organization like World Health Organization as a member state. An outbreak of a serious pandemic in Taiwan will affect Taiwan to obtain the disease-related information on time and also the international aids will be restrained because of that. The most apparent example is in the beginning of 2003, when the outbreak of SARS occurred in Taiwan, not only the related information and samples were not easily obtained but also due to some reasons even the experts from WHO could only arrive at Taiwan to help until May when the disease had been controlled. If the outbreak of rabies occurred in Taiwan, probably the similar situation like SARS would repeat.
2. The non-transparent disease information in China and the booming trafficking in the islets
According to the statistics from Ministry of Health, China, the first half of this year, 1400 people are reported to be infected rabies while about 1100 people died in China. In this January, 217 reported rabies cases and the number of the death cases were 182. The fatality rate reached 83.87 percent. In the serial eight months, rabies stands the highest number of death among Chinese legal infectious diseases, far more than the second one, tuberculosis(94 cases). Thus, China has become the important rabies disease area. For Taiwan, adjacent to China, is a worry. Two following situations are even more threatening to Taiwan. First, the Chinese government is always trying hard to hide their domestic disease information. For example, several years ago, SARS expanded from the regional disease to the global pandemic. One important reason was that the Chinese government hided the disease information and lied to the WHO inspectors. In addition, many rural areas far away in China lack of the resources and their external transportation connection are not that available. Those health statistics collected by the central government might neglect those areas and influence the value of those statistics. Second, Chinese coastlines are very close to Taiwanese islets. The bilateral people contact each other very often. The trafficking is also common. In fact, those imported cats and dogs should be inspected by Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan and install the chips inside of them. However, these measures are applied to those legally-imported animals. If they are from the trafficking and also not inspected by the custom, the loophole will be very worrying.
3. The problems of stray dogs in Taiwan
Stray animals in Taiwan are always a complicated issue. It has caused some problems of environment and personal safety. Once Taiwan unluckily happened to be the rabies epidemic area, those stray dogs would become the individual virus carriers. It would cause a huge impact on the public’s daily life. Moreover, some people do not respect the life and do not consider about their personal condition to adopt the pets. When they get bored of them, they just throw them. It makes the problem of stray animals can not really resolved effectively and also increases the complication of the prevention.
To sum up, in order to eliminate those above-mentioned worries, the government can strengthen the cooperation regarding the health issues with the diplomatic allies and participate in the related events and conferences in WHO in the international community with Taiwanese disease prevention experience and technology to support developing countries for the visibility of Taiwan in the international community.
In the daily life, the government should promote the prevention and inspection- related knowledge to the public and stress on the inspection of trafficking and penalty. Our nationals should respect life and do not traffic those un-inspected animals back to Taiwan. Pet keepers should fulfill their duty as well. Those pets should be taken to animal clinics or animal disease control centers in any county and city to do rabies vaccination. If keepers can not afford raising the pets, they should contact official institutions such as cleaning units and animal detention centers to arrange some available keepers to take on without producing other social problems.
Data resources:
1. http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
2. http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070804/5/i99i.html
3. http://web.kinmen.gov.tw/371022800g/news/news16.htm
4. http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1 (農委會動植物防檢局)
5. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
Past, Present and Future about Rabies in Taiwan Lin, Min-Hao
It is believed that rabies was transmitted from Shanghai to Taiwan in 1947 while according to some documents, some rabies cases were discovered in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial time. The first human rabies case in Taiwan was diagnosed by Doc. Lin, Tzeng-Yi in National Taiwan University Hospital on April 15th 1948. Then some disease cases occurred and rabies reached the climax between 1951 and 1952. In these two years, there were 238 and 102 cases respectively. Until 1959, there was no human rabies. After 1961, there was no longer animal rabies. But in 2002, one imported case was discovered and stunned the public health sector in Taiwan.
According to Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003 conducted by Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, no rabies cases were discovered after the investigation. Thus, Taiwan is still non-epidemic area. Taiwanese dogs’ positive rate of antibody is about 50.4 percent. (Please refer to the table one. Lee, Shu-Hui et al., 2003). However, lots of efforts still need to be done for the lowest positive rate maintenance between 54% and 62% according to WHO’s standard.
In Asia, apart from Japan and Taiwan are non-epidemic areas, other countries are still epidemic areas. Nowadays, the transportation is so convenient that there might be some loopholes. What’s more, the bilateral trafficking is booming. Thus, in future, dogs in Taiwan should be stressed on the improvement of the positive rate of antibody and the government should expand the scale of rabies vaccination to increase Taiwanese dog group immunity. Only this can avoid the outbreak of rabies in Taiwan in future.
Second, apart from the current Statue for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Disease, the legislation of pet management should be launched. The legislation should force pet keepers to register chips into their pets and also include the regular inspection and vaccination. Thus, the related management can be supported by the legislation. The consciousness of keepers should no longer be relied on to make a loophole of the prevention. Moreover, the last outbreak of rabies in Taiwan was over half of century ago. The young generation might know very little about rabies and even do not think that it would occur in Taiwan. Thus, the government should keep educating the related prevention of rabies to the public in order to increase the public awareness of the risk and the active cooperation.
Last but not least, rabies supervising system should be set up. For stray dogs, pets and other warm-blooded animals, the supervising system should be built up and collected the tissues, blood samples and clinical symptoms of all warm-blooded animals. The databank of epidemiology should be set up to realize the change of the disease and to take some proper actions.
In the past, the prevention made Taiwan become one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. If the prevention can be carried on more thoroughly in the future, it is believed that rabies can be officially declared that it is extinct in Taiwan as another great achievement of public health in Taiwan.
Table One: the examination result of dog rabies vaccine antibody ELISA
Origin Amount of Serological Test Positive Number(Positive Rate)
Pets 1,559 980 (62.9%)
Stray dogs 2,099 863 ( 41.1%)
Total 3,658 1,843 (50.4%)
Data Resource：Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Data Resources:
1. http://vettech.nvri.gov.tw/Articles/report/886.html
2. http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/Animal_Dise/rabies/rabies.htm
3. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
4. http://www.rabies.com/
September 8th , 2007 is World Rabies Day. WHO associates with Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services(HCPHES), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to raise the public awareness about the current worldwide rabies situation and its prevention through vaccines.
Rabies is infected through animals or patients with rabies infection since their saliva carry the virus. Rabies virus enters human bodies from those infected saliva by scratching and biting while sometimes via skin wound and mucosal. Thus, scratching by rabies infected animals is also dangerous and the reason is that animals will lick their feet. Rabies can transmit to any mammal. But the major infectious animals to human are cats, dogs, raccoons and bats. These animals have more chances to contact human beings especially cats and dogs while raccoons and bats are easier to encounter in the outdoor activities.
Nowadays one single person dies of rabies in every ten minutes on the world. It mainly happens in Asia and Africa especially in India and China. In fact, thanks too the current medical treatment, these people do not really have to face the death. Rabies vaccines can highly prevent the disease occurrence. On the other hand, as far as the infected mammals are concerned, the similar oral vaccines have been produced. For those animal threatened by rabies into extinction, probably this is another solution.
Although rabies is curable, still many people die of rabies on the world and the majority is children. Such a problem may not totally result from the medical problems but the accessible treatment for every possible infected person. It may result from the insufficient vaccines and the high medical price. Moreover, in China, the rapid growing of pet raising will increase the possibility of infection due to the insufficient awareness of public health, the lack of social ethics and the increase of stray dogs.
The record of rabies in Taiwan can be dated back to 1947 from Shanghai to Taiwan. After the first reported case in 1948, still some minor cases continued to happen. Then, the vaccination of pet dogs and the killing of stray dogs had been launched. Since 1959, human rabies no longer occurred. After January 1961, animal rabies no longer occurred as well. Taiwan so far is non-epidemic area. Only in 2002, one imported case from China was reported. Thus, the principal threat in Taiwan so far is from imported infection. Health inspection and quarantine will be the main prevention. However, due to the serious trafficking between Taiwan and China, there are still relatively huge chances to transmit the disease from imported cases or the origin of infection.
The important mission of World Rabies Day is to appeal the public awareness and attention to rabies and to make everyone understand the pathogenic mechanism and situation of such an exiting disease. Through the prevention and complete treatment, rabies is expected to become a noun in the history.
Data resources:
1. http://www.worldrabiesday.org/index_en.php
2. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2007/world_rabies_day/en/index.html
3. http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=8023437
4. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index_info_info.asp?data_id=848
5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A673599
6. http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3235830.stm
The Unsolved Problems of Rabies in China Lee, Fang-Ying
Rabies is globally widespread especially in Asia, the major infectious area of rabies and death cases. Currently the incidence rate of rabies in China is only second to India, the second highest on the world while the difficulty in tackling rabies in both countries is slightly different. According to the statistics, in the first half of this year, 1400 people are infected rabies while about 1100 people die in China. Thus, after Taiwan initiated the small three links in Kinmen, the pandemic information in China should keep a more precise eye.
Rabies always stands for top three pandemics with high death rate in China. Facing this situation, the Chinese government does not really take some actions. For examples, every province has set up the regulation of pet raising and issued the permit of pet raising. However, the problem of rabies in China still remains unresolved. Where does the problem come from?
First, though the registration of the pet raising permit is regulated, the registration fee is too costly. For example, in Guanzhou, the registration fee is 10,000NTD? or RMB? and 6000 NTD or RMB is paid for annual inspection. Thus, some pet keepers are speculated and keep the ‘illegal’ dogs without applying for the permit.
Second, the quality of vaccines is unstable and the vaccination is not completed. Rabies vaccination is the most effective prevention from the disease. Selecting the most qualified rabies vaccines is the priority. However, not only the amount of the vaccines prepared in China is insufficient but also some fake vaccines killed people. Hence, Ministry of Health in PRC and State Food and Drug Administration issued the emergent notice to enhance the control and supervision of rabies vaccines and to stop the unexamined vaccines entering the operating sector. However, in the end of July, this year, one case of fake drug was investigated in HeiLongJiang Province, China including the fake rabies vaccines.
Third, due to the increasing amount of pet dogs and the stray dogs in the suburb and rural areas, it is hard to collect data and to control the exact amount of dogs and the situation. This makes the public lack of awareness including the government.
‘As far as I understand, rabies is not increasing in China. China is a huge country. It is normal that some cases appear in rural areas.’stated Mr. Jiang Zuojun, vice minister of Ministry of Health in a press conference.
Additionally, due to the lack of professional management and detention centers, people do not know where to apply for the permit. Even though there are many illegal dogs, no one appeals and even no one deals with it. Under the circumstance of the unorganized management, and the ignorance of the regulation, the related regulation is like a blank sheet.
From those above mentioned problems, China should change the policy toward the decrease of rabies. Currently the Chinese government usually uses the so-called management, vaccination and killing to deal with stray dogs. However, it is not successful and many pet dogs are forced to or mistaken to be killed. This appeals many objections from animal protection groups. In fact, the brutal killing should not be launched but the principal management to tackle the rabies since it always depends on keepers’ determination and social ethics. The most principal reason for dog trouble is that irresponsible dog keepers do not keep their own dogs well. Thus, the legislation restricts those keepers. What important is that the legislation must be enforced precisely. There was no special legislation in the past. However, many loopholes happen because of the loose enforcement. For example, huge dogs are transferred to somewhere else during the check. After the check is finished, they can be moved back. In addition, some packaged policy should be launched to lower down the registration fee and annual checking fee, to manage the dog market, to strengthen the animal disease prevention and the function of control center, to provide free rabies vaccines or to launch pet-raising regulatory group in order to supervise dog keepers in the neighborhood. In conclusion, promoting civilized pet raising for keepers without bothering some other else and following the regulation will be the efficient and principal ways to tackle rabies.
Data resources:
http://www.39kf.com/focus/zt/Rabies/
http://www.cdc.gov.tw/
The Booming India. The Highest rabies Infection Wu, Chia-Cheng
Vaccination and animal control project can prevent from rabies 100%. However, India is still highly dangerous for rabies. Due to the expensive vaccines and medicine, time-consuming and painful vaccination treatment and large amount of stray dogs suffering from rabies, rabies disease in that country remains on top. According to the neighborhood survey in 2003 by APCRI, about more than 20,000 people in every 100,000 people are estimated to suffer from rabies and most of them are male adults living in rural areas without any vaccination.
The animal prevention area is only short-term effective.
The prevention way of animal rabies include that the public is forced to do the pet registration and pet vaccination. Otherwise, the pets would be dealt as stray dogs. The number of stray dogs should be controlled and dogs are induced to be fed the oral rabies vaccine. Meanwhile, those which are infected rabies should be caught and killed. Then, the regular inspection or the killing of suspicious stray dogs should be carried out. All the above-mentioned strategies only apply to the last prevention in a small area. Thus, the effect can be paid off in a short time. However, due to the huge mobility of stray dogs, the control of funding and the difficult resource of vaccines, the rabies can not be prevented in a longer term. The long-term governmental animal prevention strategy should start to investigate the origin of all the stray dogs, to launch dog castration in order to stop the growth of stray dogs. Meanwhile, the education of rabies prevention should be strengthened on publics. The public should get away from stray dogs. They should also take their own pets to do the castration and vaccination in animal clinics and even should not abandon their pets to increase the member of stray dogs. Thus, the problems of dog rabies infection can really eliminate from the bottom.
The value of the importance of vaccine prevention.
The Indian government should cooperate with the drug sector.
Though the dog bite is the major reason for rabies infection in India, apart from the animal prevention to control the disease, medical staffs in India indicate that due to the expensive vaccines and medical treatment, and the 14 day vaccination, most of the patients do not complete the treatment and a loophole occurs in the rabies prevention.
According to the first chapter Rabies Vaccines in India in the first part Is it just vaccines? in New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits？published by Indian National Coordination Committee and JSA(Jan Swasthya Abhiyan) in 2007, the Indian government is accused of using the outdated, expensive and unsafe rabies vaccines prepared with sheep brain. Indian drug controllers never negotiate with MNC pharmaceutical company to lower down the price of safer and new cell-cultured vaccines and to generalize it. The Intra Dermal route of new vaccines can lower down the dose for money saving and security reason. However, two brands of MNC pharmaceutical company, Rabipur and Verorab, are never registered for this technology. Thus, in India, more dose of intramuscular vaccination is widely applied.
Rabies disease in India is still very popular. It not only influences the domestic progress in politics and economics but also becomes a huge loophole for the global disease prevention. Before the international organizations force the government to conduct the precise control, if the drug controllers can focus on the problems of the expensive price of vaccines and the outdated vaccination skills and negotiate in a proper political way, India can be shown as a real country with cultures, economic boom and humanism worth of the global investment and respect.
Data resources:
1. Indian doctors want cheaper rabies drugs ,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/822457.stm
2. The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in Indian stray dogs , F. Cliquet, J.P. Gurbuxani, H.K. Pradhan,Vaccine ,Volume 25, Issue 17, 30 April 2007, Pages 3409-3418
3. Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Dutta JK. Trop Doct. 1999 Oct;29(4):196-201
4. Epidemiology of dog bites: a community-based study in India. Agarwal N, Reddajah VP. Trop Doct. 2004 Apr;34(2):76-8.
5. http://phm-india.org/pdf/nha2/New_technologies.pdf ,New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
Does Taiwan Face the Potential Outbreak of Rabies? Yen, Chi-Hao
Since 1959, there has been no human rabies case in Taiwan while since 1961, there has been no animal rabies case. The term, rabies, for young Taiwanese generation, is rather unknown. But it may not be known that Taiwan is one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. The rest of the six are Japan, the UK, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand and Iceland. It may be more unclear that rabies in fact is a disease sharing between animals and human beings. The major infection is among warm-blooded hosts. People usually are infected by the bite, scratches and wound licking from rabies infected cats and dogs. Though there are rabies vaccines, it is useless to inject the vaccines until the infection. The death rate of rabies is almost 100 percent. Though currently Taiwan is a non-epidemic area, Taiwan faces several hidden worries of the outbreak of rabies which are the most neglected parts by the public.
1. The insufficient resources of international health information
Due to the restriction of international political situation, Taiwan is not eligible to participate in the important international health organization like World Health Organization as a member state. An outbreak of a serious pandemic in Taiwan will affect Taiwan to obtain the disease-related information on time and also the international aids will be restrained because of that. The most apparent example is in the beginning of 2003, when the outbreak of SARS occurred in Taiwan, not only the related information and samples were not easily obtained but also due to some reasons even the experts from WHO could only arrive at Taiwan to help until May when the disease had been controlled. If the outbreak of rabies occurred in Taiwan, probably the similar situation like SARS would repeat.
2. The non-transparent disease information in China and the booming trafficking in the islets
According to the statistics from Ministry of Health, China, the first half of this year, 1400 people are reported to be infected rabies while about 1100 people died in China. In this January, 217 reported rabies cases and the number of the death cases were 182. The fatality rate reached 83.87 percent. In the serial eight months, rabies stands the highest number of death among Chinese legal infectious diseases, far more than the second one, tuberculosis(94 cases). Thus, China has become the important rabies disease area. For Taiwan, adjacent to China, is a worry. Two following situations are even more threatening to Taiwan. First, the Chinese government is always trying hard to hide their domestic disease information. For example, several years ago, SARS expanded from the regional disease to the global pandemic. One important reason was that the Chinese government hided the disease information and lied to the WHO inspectors. In addition, many rural areas far away in China lack of the resources and their external transportation connection are not that available. Those health statistics collected by the central government might neglect those areas and influence the value of those statistics. Second, Chinese coastlines are very close to Taiwanese islets. The bilateral people contact each other very often. The trafficking is also common. In fact, those imported cats and dogs should be inspected by Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan and install the chips inside of them. However, these measures are applied to those legally-imported animals. If they are from the trafficking and also not inspected by the custom, the loophole will be very worrying.
3. The problems of stray dogs in Taiwan
Stray animals in Taiwan are always a complicated issue. It has caused some problems of environment and personal safety. Once Taiwan unluckily happened to be the rabies epidemic area, those stray dogs would become the individual virus carriers. It would cause a huge impact on the public’s daily life. Moreover, some people do not respect the life and do not consider about their personal condition to adopt the pets. When they get bored of them, they just throw them. It makes the problem of stray animals can not really resolved effectively and also increases the complication of the prevention.
To sum up, in order to eliminate those above-mentioned worries, the government can strengthen the cooperation regarding the health issues with the diplomatic allies and participate in the related events and conferences in WHO in the international community with Taiwanese disease prevention experience and technology to support developing countries for the visibility of Taiwan in the international community.
In the daily life, the government should promote the prevention and inspection- related knowledge to the public and stress on the inspection of trafficking and penalty. Our nationals should respect life and do not traffic those un-inspected animals back to Taiwan. Pet keepers should fulfill their duty as well. Those pets should be taken to animal clinics or animal disease control centers in any county and city to do rabies vaccination. If keepers can not afford raising the pets, they should contact official institutions such as cleaning units and animal detention centers to arrange some available keepers to take on without producing other social problems.
Data resources:
1. http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
2. http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070804/5/i99i.html
3. http://web.kinmen.gov.tw/371022800g/news/news16.htm
4. http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1 (農委會動植物防檢局)
5. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
Past, Present and Future about Rabies in Taiwan Lin, Min-Hao
It is believed that rabies was transmitted from Shanghai to Taiwan in 1947 while according to some documents, some rabies cases were discovered in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial time. The first human rabies case in Taiwan was diagnosed by Doc. Lin, Tzeng-Yi in National Taiwan University Hospital on April 15th 1948. Then some disease cases occurred and rabies reached the climax between 1951 and 1952. In these two years, there were 238 and 102 cases respectively. Until 1959, there was no human rabies. After 1961, there was no longer animal rabies. But in 2002, one imported case was discovered and stunned the public health sector in Taiwan.
According to Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003 conducted by Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, no rabies cases were discovered after the investigation. Thus, Taiwan is still non-epidemic area. Taiwanese dogs’ positive rate of antibody is about 50.4 percent. (Please refer to the table one. Lee, Shu-Hui et al., 2003). However, lots of efforts still need to be done for the lowest positive rate maintenance between 54% and 62% according to WHO’s standard.
In Asia, apart from Japan and Taiwan are non-epidemic areas, other countries are still epidemic areas. Nowadays, the transportation is so convenient that there might be some loopholes. What’s more, the bilateral trafficking is booming. Thus, in future, dogs in Taiwan should be stressed on the improvement of the positive rate of antibody and the government should expand the scale of rabies vaccination to increase Taiwanese dog group immunity. Only this can avoid the outbreak of rabies in Taiwan in future.
Second, apart from the current Statue for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Disease, the legislation of pet management should be launched. The legislation should force pet keepers to register chips into their pets and also include the regular inspection and vaccination. Thus, the related management can be supported by the legislation. The consciousness of keepers should no longer be relied on to make a loophole of the prevention. Moreover, the last outbreak of rabies in Taiwan was over half of century ago. The young generation might know very little about rabies and even do not think that it would occur in Taiwan. Thus, the government should keep educating the related prevention of rabies to the public in order to increase the public awareness of the risk and the active cooperation.
Last but not least, rabies supervising system should be set up. For stray dogs, pets and other warm-blooded animals, the supervising system should be built up and collected the tissues, blood samples and clinical symptoms of all warm-blooded animals. The databank of epidemiology should be set up to realize the change of the disease and to take some proper actions.
In the past, the prevention made Taiwan become one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. If the prevention can be carried on more thoroughly in the future, it is believed that rabies can be officially declared that it is extinct in Taiwan as another great achievement of public health in Taiwan.
Table One: the examination result of dog rabies vaccine antibody ELISA
Origin Amount of Serological Test Positive Number(Positive Rate)
Pets 1,559 980 (62.9%)
Stray dogs 2,099 863 ( 41.1%)
Total 3,658 1,843 (50.4%)
Data Resource：Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Data Resources:
1. http://vettech.nvri.gov.tw/Articles/report/886.html
2. http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/Animal_Dise/rabies/rabies.htm
3. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
4. http://www.rabies.com/
2007年9月17日 星期一
2007年9月16日 星期日
下期電子報工作進度表
本次工作期間為
9/17-26
工作進度為
9/17-22資料蒐集
0/22-26為文稿撰寫
本次主題為食品衛生
重點在於中國黑心食品上
麻煩大家了！
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：佳真、
國際議題：光狐、浩哥
國內議題：民浩、豪哥、芳盈
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
9/17-26
工作進度為
9/17-22資料蒐集
0/22-26為文稿撰寫
本次主題為食品衛生
重點在於中國黑心食品上
麻煩大家了！
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：佳真、
國際議題：光狐、浩哥
國內議題：民浩、豪哥、芳盈
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
2007年9月3日 星期一
本期主題與工作分配9/3
本次工作期間為
9/4-9/15
9/8日以前盡可能完成資料搜尋的工作(因有多數人會參加9/8-12的畢業旅行)
9/15交稿
本期主題為：WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia meets in Bhutan
31 August 2007 -- The 60th session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia begins today in Thimphu, Bhutan. Avian and pandemic influenza preparedness and a revised malaria control strategy are among the topics to be discussed.
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：浩哥
國際議題：民浩、光狐、芳盈
國內議題：豪哥、佳真
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
9/4-9/15
9/8日以前盡可能完成資料搜尋的工作(因有多數人會參加9/8-12的畢業旅行)
9/15交稿
本期主題為：WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia meets in Bhutan
31 August 2007 -- The 60th session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia begins today in Thimphu, Bhutan. Avian and pandemic influenza preparedness and a revised malaria control strategy are among the topics to be discussed.
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：浩哥
國際議題：民浩、光狐、芳盈
國內議題：豪哥、佳真
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
2007年9月2日 星期日
本期截稿及下期主題
本期截稿將在明日截止，請大家在明晚八點以前將稿件經由MSN或是寄送到我MSN的MAIL，另外請記得該文必須附有資料來源！
下期主題我希望能夠以：
WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia meets in Bhutan
31 August 2007 -- The 60th session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia begins today in Thimphu, Bhutan. Avian and pandemic influenza preparedness and a revised malaria control strategy are among the topics to be discussed.
為主要主題，如有其他興趣或是相關議題可以再另外提出，大家可以討論，另外我將會重新分配下次的工作，應該會調動大家的工作並更換夥伴，如果有任何問題及意見，也請儘快提出！謝謝大家！
下期主題我希望能夠以：
WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia meets in Bhutan
31 August 2007 -- The 60th session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia begins today in Thimphu, Bhutan. Avian and pandemic influenza preparedness and a revised malaria control strategy are among the topics to be discussed.
為主要主題，如有其他興趣或是相關議題可以再另外提出，大家可以討論，另外我將會重新分配下次的工作，應該會調動大家的工作並更換夥伴，如果有任何問題及意見，也請儘快提出！謝謝大家！
2007年8月28日 星期二
撰稿的題目訂定
今天是資料蒐集的截止日，接下來大家應該會開始撰寫自己的部份，這時候題目訂定就變得很重要了！有人跟我反應想要做比較廣泛性的疫情報導及相關內容，但是請大家在寫這種題目的時候要注意，避免成為好像只是針對這個狀況做情況陳述，畢竟我們在WHO已經可以取得相關的狀況資訊了，我們的對象也就是WHO的相關人士，這樣很容易會變成重複報導的問題。所以在訂定題目的時候，其實最好能夠針對特定要點去作發揮。例如印度現在為好發狂犬病的大國，怎樣的因素造成狂犬病在印度這樣的盛行，是政治？經濟？或是相關的因素所造成？那有沒有可能藉由國際或是國內的改善而降低狂犬病的流行等。這樣針對裡面特殊點所做的綜合性論述，會遠比我們只提供單純的資料整理好得多，也增加文章的可讀性。所以希望在大家處理議題的同時，能夠在這些方面上多所著墨。
另外，以後我會希望說，在三大方向的撰稿上，能夠有這樣的特性：
主題報導：
會比較總觀性的去做這個議題的報導，作為後面其他延伸性議題的基礎，所以在寫的同時請儘量用比較客觀的方式呈現。那處理上就不要在細節上過於深入，保留給後面的延伸議題有發揮空間。但是更應該有總體性的整理及報導。
國際議題：
我會希望這邊可以從兩個層面去探討，一個是該疾病及災難所存在的政治經濟問題，以及政治經濟上的原因，這些因素可能造成災難的變化及改變，又或許這樣的問題其實可以藉由這些因素的控制得到紓解等。第二則是地緣性，評估週邊國家，去推論、臆測、評估或是論述這樣的問題或是災難，對於國際上其他國家、地區的影響是什麼，或是其他國家可以藉由怎樣的方式去避免、協助、改善這樣的問題。
國內狀況：
這個部份最好能以WHO所欠缺的、國際目前對於這樣的災難疾病所重視的解決方法或是問題，對比台灣的狀況進行評析，從台灣為中心出發點來整理台灣所處的情境。這可能涉及：政治經濟層面、地緣性、國際情勢等。台灣不見得是穩定且有良好處理的國家，更有可能因為資訊缺乏或是地緣關係而深受威脅等，這都可能作為可以論述的重點。
麻煩在大家所寫的這幾天，把握這樣的重點，寫出一篇好的評論吧！辛苦大家了！
另外，以後我會希望說，在三大方向的撰稿上，能夠有這樣的特性：
主題報導：
會比較總觀性的去做這個議題的報導，作為後面其他延伸性議題的基礎，所以在寫的同時請儘量用比較客觀的方式呈現。那處理上就不要在細節上過於深入，保留給後面的延伸議題有發揮空間。但是更應該有總體性的整理及報導。
國際議題：
我會希望這邊可以從兩個層面去探討，一個是該疾病及災難所存在的政治經濟問題，以及政治經濟上的原因，這些因素可能造成災難的變化及改變，又或許這樣的問題其實可以藉由這些因素的控制得到紓解等。第二則是地緣性，評估週邊國家，去推論、臆測、評估或是論述這樣的問題或是災難，對於國際上其他國家、地區的影響是什麼，或是其他國家可以藉由怎樣的方式去避免、協助、改善這樣的問題。
國內狀況：
這個部份最好能以WHO所欠缺的、國際目前對於這樣的災難疾病所重視的解決方法或是問題，對比台灣的狀況進行評析，從台灣為中心出發點來整理台灣所處的情境。這可能涉及：政治經濟層面、地緣性、國際情勢等。台灣不見得是穩定且有良好處理的國家，更有可能因為資訊缺乏或是地緣關係而深受威脅等，這都可能作為可以論述的重點。
麻煩在大家所寫的這幾天，把握這樣的重點，寫出一篇好的評論吧！辛苦大家了！
2007年8月26日 星期日
2007年8月25日 星期六
2007年8月24日 星期五
電子報工作大綱
1.每期主題設定：根據WHO網站每週所關注議題作為各期主題，可以利用該議題或事件作為本次小組工作的編輯主題及延伸出發點。
2.台灣現況：將WHO每週專題為出發點，搜尋國際相關新聞後，進行中英文改寫，在輔以台灣現況資料蒐集和分析。
3.亞洲疫情：
定期蒐集台灣及亞洲各國(尤其是中國)疫情的狀況，其中資料來源不限官方出版品，任何只要水準以上的刊物所提供的資料都可以參考(如壹周刊)，但撰寫時須附有必須有資料的來源。4.台灣公衛現況：這部分範圍可變，從公衛成就、生技、援外、政府宣示活動等。
5.WHO研究中心活動：由醫界聯盟提供。6.Taiwan perspective：邀請學者專家進行台灣觀點的公衛分析，未來可能有參訪的活動。
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