治平:chih-ping
佳真:chia-chen
林民浩：Min-Hau, Lin
李芳盈：Li Fang-Ying
謝謝^^
2007年9月18日 星期二
第一期英文翻譯稿
World Rabies Day Knocks at the World Chen, Chih-Ping
September 8th , 2007 is World Rabies Day. WHO associates with Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services(HCPHES), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to raise the public awareness about the current worldwide rabies situation and its prevention through vaccines.
Rabies is infected through animals or patients with rabies infection since their saliva carry the virus. Rabies virus enters human bodies from those infected saliva by scratching and biting while sometimes via skin wound and mucosal. Thus, scratching by rabies infected animals is also dangerous and the reason is that animals will lick their feet. Rabies can transmit to any mammal. But the major infectious animals to human are cats, dogs, raccoons and bats. These animals have more chances to contact human beings especially cats and dogs while raccoons and bats are easier to encounter in the outdoor activities.
Nowadays one single person dies of rabies in every ten minutes on the world. It mainly happens in Asia and Africa especially in India and China. In fact, thanks too the current medical treatment, these people do not really have to face the death. Rabies vaccines can highly prevent the disease occurrence. On the other hand, as far as the infected mammals are concerned, the similar oral vaccines have been produced. For those animal threatened by rabies into extinction, probably this is another solution.
Although rabies is curable, still many people die of rabies on the world and the majority is children. Such a problem may not totally result from the medical problems but the accessible treatment for every possible infected person. It may result from the insufficient vaccines and the high medical price. Moreover, in China, the rapid growing of pet raising will increase the possibility of infection due to the insufficient awareness of public health, the lack of social ethics and the increase of stray dogs.
The record of rabies in Taiwan can be dated back to 1947 from Shanghai to Taiwan. After the first reported case in 1948, still some minor cases continued to happen. Then, the vaccination of pet dogs and the killing of stray dogs had been launched. Since 1959, human rabies no longer occurred. After January 1961, animal rabies no longer occurred as well. Taiwan so far is non-epidemic area. Only in 2002, one imported case from China was reported. Thus, the principal threat in Taiwan so far is from imported infection. Health inspection and quarantine will be the main prevention. However, due to the serious trafficking between Taiwan and China, there are still relatively huge chances to transmit the disease from imported cases or the origin of infection.
The important mission of World Rabies Day is to appeal the public awareness and attention to rabies and to make everyone understand the pathogenic mechanism and situation of such an exiting disease. Through the prevention and complete treatment, rabies is expected to become a noun in the history.
Data resources:
1. http://www.worldrabiesday.org/index_en.php
2. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2007/world_rabies_day/en/index.html
3. http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=8023437
4. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index_info_info.asp?data_id=848
5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A673599
6. http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3235830.stm
The Unsolved Problems of Rabies in China Lee, Fang-Ying
Rabies is globally widespread especially in Asia, the major infectious area of rabies and death cases. Currently the incidence rate of rabies in China is only second to India, the second highest on the world while the difficulty in tackling rabies in both countries is slightly different. According to the statistics, in the first half of this year, 1400 people are infected rabies while about 1100 people die in China. Thus, after Taiwan initiated the small three links in Kinmen, the pandemic information in China should keep a more precise eye.
Rabies always stands for top three pandemics with high death rate in China. Facing this situation, the Chinese government does not really take some actions. For examples, every province has set up the regulation of pet raising and issued the permit of pet raising. However, the problem of rabies in China still remains unresolved. Where does the problem come from?
First, though the registration of the pet raising permit is regulated, the registration fee is too costly. For example, in Guanzhou, the registration fee is 10,000NTD? or RMB? and 6000 NTD or RMB is paid for annual inspection. Thus, some pet keepers are speculated and keep the ‘illegal’ dogs without applying for the permit.
Second, the quality of vaccines is unstable and the vaccination is not completed. Rabies vaccination is the most effective prevention from the disease. Selecting the most qualified rabies vaccines is the priority. However, not only the amount of the vaccines prepared in China is insufficient but also some fake vaccines killed people. Hence, Ministry of Health in PRC and State Food and Drug Administration issued the emergent notice to enhance the control and supervision of rabies vaccines and to stop the unexamined vaccines entering the operating sector. However, in the end of July, this year, one case of fake drug was investigated in HeiLongJiang Province, China including the fake rabies vaccines.
Third, due to the increasing amount of pet dogs and the stray dogs in the suburb and rural areas, it is hard to collect data and to control the exact amount of dogs and the situation. This makes the public lack of awareness including the government.
‘As far as I understand, rabies is not increasing in China. China is a huge country. It is normal that some cases appear in rural areas.’stated Mr. Jiang Zuojun, vice minister of Ministry of Health in a press conference.
Additionally, due to the lack of professional management and detention centers, people do not know where to apply for the permit. Even though there are many illegal dogs, no one appeals and even no one deals with it. Under the circumstance of the unorganized management, and the ignorance of the regulation, the related regulation is like a blank sheet.
From those above mentioned problems, China should change the policy toward the decrease of rabies. Currently the Chinese government usually uses the so-called management, vaccination and killing to deal with stray dogs. However, it is not successful and many pet dogs are forced to or mistaken to be killed. This appeals many objections from animal protection groups. In fact, the brutal killing should not be launched but the principal management to tackle the rabies since it always depends on keepers’ determination and social ethics. The most principal reason for dog trouble is that irresponsible dog keepers do not keep their own dogs well. Thus, the legislation restricts those keepers. What important is that the legislation must be enforced precisely. There was no special legislation in the past. However, many loopholes happen because of the loose enforcement. For example, huge dogs are transferred to somewhere else during the check. After the check is finished, they can be moved back. In addition, some packaged policy should be launched to lower down the registration fee and annual checking fee, to manage the dog market, to strengthen the animal disease prevention and the function of control center, to provide free rabies vaccines or to launch pet-raising regulatory group in order to supervise dog keepers in the neighborhood. In conclusion, promoting civilized pet raising for keepers without bothering some other else and following the regulation will be the efficient and principal ways to tackle rabies.
Data resources:
http://www.39kf.com/focus/zt/Rabies/
http://www.cdc.gov.tw/
The Booming India. The Highest rabies Infection Wu, Chia-Cheng
Vaccination and animal control project can prevent from rabies 100%. However, India is still highly dangerous for rabies. Due to the expensive vaccines and medicine, time-consuming and painful vaccination treatment and large amount of stray dogs suffering from rabies, rabies disease in that country remains on top. According to the neighborhood survey in 2003 by APCRI, about more than 20,000 people in every 100,000 people are estimated to suffer from rabies and most of them are male adults living in rural areas without any vaccination.
The animal prevention area is only short-term effective.
The prevention way of animal rabies include that the public is forced to do the pet registration and pet vaccination. Otherwise, the pets would be dealt as stray dogs. The number of stray dogs should be controlled and dogs are induced to be fed the oral rabies vaccine. Meanwhile, those which are infected rabies should be caught and killed. Then, the regular inspection or the killing of suspicious stray dogs should be carried out. All the above-mentioned strategies only apply to the last prevention in a small area. Thus, the effect can be paid off in a short time. However, due to the huge mobility of stray dogs, the control of funding and the difficult resource of vaccines, the rabies can not be prevented in a longer term. The long-term governmental animal prevention strategy should start to investigate the origin of all the stray dogs, to launch dog castration in order to stop the growth of stray dogs. Meanwhile, the education of rabies prevention should be strengthened on publics. The public should get away from stray dogs. They should also take their own pets to do the castration and vaccination in animal clinics and even should not abandon their pets to increase the member of stray dogs. Thus, the problems of dog rabies infection can really eliminate from the bottom.
The value of the importance of vaccine prevention.
The Indian government should cooperate with the drug sector.
Though the dog bite is the major reason for rabies infection in India, apart from the animal prevention to control the disease, medical staffs in India indicate that due to the expensive vaccines and medical treatment, and the 14 day vaccination, most of the patients do not complete the treatment and a loophole occurs in the rabies prevention.
According to the first chapter Rabies Vaccines in India in the first part Is it just vaccines? in New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits？published by Indian National Coordination Committee and JSA(Jan Swasthya Abhiyan) in 2007, the Indian government is accused of using the outdated, expensive and unsafe rabies vaccines prepared with sheep brain. Indian drug controllers never negotiate with MNC pharmaceutical company to lower down the price of safer and new cell-cultured vaccines and to generalize it. The Intra Dermal route of new vaccines can lower down the dose for money saving and security reason. However, two brands of MNC pharmaceutical company, Rabipur and Verorab, are never registered for this technology. Thus, in India, more dose of intramuscular vaccination is widely applied.
Rabies disease in India is still very popular. It not only influences the domestic progress in politics and economics but also becomes a huge loophole for the global disease prevention. Before the international organizations force the government to conduct the precise control, if the drug controllers can focus on the problems of the expensive price of vaccines and the outdated vaccination skills and negotiate in a proper political way, India can be shown as a real country with cultures, economic boom and humanism worth of the global investment and respect.
Data resources:
1. Indian doctors want cheaper rabies drugs ,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/822457.stm
2. The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in Indian stray dogs , F. Cliquet, J.P. Gurbuxani, H.K. Pradhan,Vaccine ,Volume 25, Issue 17, 30 April 2007, Pages 3409-3418
3. Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Dutta JK. Trop Doct. 1999 Oct;29(4):196-201
4. Epidemiology of dog bites: a community-based study in India. Agarwal N, Reddajah VP. Trop Doct. 2004 Apr;34(2):76-8.
5. http://phm-india.org/pdf/nha2/New_technologies.pdf ,New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
Does Taiwan Face the Potential Outbreak of Rabies? Yen, Chi-Hao
Since 1959, there has been no human rabies case in Taiwan while since 1961, there has been no animal rabies case. The term, rabies, for young Taiwanese generation, is rather unknown. But it may not be known that Taiwan is one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. The rest of the six are Japan, the UK, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand and Iceland. It may be more unclear that rabies in fact is a disease sharing between animals and human beings. The major infection is among warm-blooded hosts. People usually are infected by the bite, scratches and wound licking from rabies infected cats and dogs. Though there are rabies vaccines, it is useless to inject the vaccines until the infection. The death rate of rabies is almost 100 percent. Though currently Taiwan is a non-epidemic area, Taiwan faces several hidden worries of the outbreak of rabies which are the most neglected parts by the public.
1. The insufficient resources of international health information
Due to the restriction of international political situation, Taiwan is not eligible to participate in the important international health organization like World Health Organization as a member state. An outbreak of a serious pandemic in Taiwan will affect Taiwan to obtain the disease-related information on time and also the international aids will be restrained because of that. The most apparent example is in the beginning of 2003, when the outbreak of SARS occurred in Taiwan, not only the related information and samples were not easily obtained but also due to some reasons even the experts from WHO could only arrive at Taiwan to help until May when the disease had been controlled. If the outbreak of rabies occurred in Taiwan, probably the similar situation like SARS would repeat.
2. The non-transparent disease information in China and the booming trafficking in the islets
According to the statistics from Ministry of Health, China, the first half of this year, 1400 people are reported to be infected rabies while about 1100 people died in China. In this January, 217 reported rabies cases and the number of the death cases were 182. The fatality rate reached 83.87 percent. In the serial eight months, rabies stands the highest number of death among Chinese legal infectious diseases, far more than the second one, tuberculosis(94 cases). Thus, China has become the important rabies disease area. For Taiwan, adjacent to China, is a worry. Two following situations are even more threatening to Taiwan. First, the Chinese government is always trying hard to hide their domestic disease information. For example, several years ago, SARS expanded from the regional disease to the global pandemic. One important reason was that the Chinese government hided the disease information and lied to the WHO inspectors. In addition, many rural areas far away in China lack of the resources and their external transportation connection are not that available. Those health statistics collected by the central government might neglect those areas and influence the value of those statistics. Second, Chinese coastlines are very close to Taiwanese islets. The bilateral people contact each other very often. The trafficking is also common. In fact, those imported cats and dogs should be inspected by Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan and install the chips inside of them. However, these measures are applied to those legally-imported animals. If they are from the trafficking and also not inspected by the custom, the loophole will be very worrying.
3. The problems of stray dogs in Taiwan
Stray animals in Taiwan are always a complicated issue. It has caused some problems of environment and personal safety. Once Taiwan unluckily happened to be the rabies epidemic area, those stray dogs would become the individual virus carriers. It would cause a huge impact on the public’s daily life. Moreover, some people do not respect the life and do not consider about their personal condition to adopt the pets. When they get bored of them, they just throw them. It makes the problem of stray animals can not really resolved effectively and also increases the complication of the prevention.
To sum up, in order to eliminate those above-mentioned worries, the government can strengthen the cooperation regarding the health issues with the diplomatic allies and participate in the related events and conferences in WHO in the international community with Taiwanese disease prevention experience and technology to support developing countries for the visibility of Taiwan in the international community.
In the daily life, the government should promote the prevention and inspection- related knowledge to the public and stress on the inspection of trafficking and penalty. Our nationals should respect life and do not traffic those un-inspected animals back to Taiwan. Pet keepers should fulfill their duty as well. Those pets should be taken to animal clinics or animal disease control centers in any county and city to do rabies vaccination. If keepers can not afford raising the pets, they should contact official institutions such as cleaning units and animal detention centers to arrange some available keepers to take on without producing other social problems.
Data resources:
1. http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
2. http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070804/5/i99i.html
3. http://web.kinmen.gov.tw/371022800g/news/news16.htm
4. http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1 (農委會動植物防檢局)
5. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
Past, Present and Future about Rabies in Taiwan Lin, Min-Hao
It is believed that rabies was transmitted from Shanghai to Taiwan in 1947 while according to some documents, some rabies cases were discovered in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial time. The first human rabies case in Taiwan was diagnosed by Doc. Lin, Tzeng-Yi in National Taiwan University Hospital on April 15th 1948. Then some disease cases occurred and rabies reached the climax between 1951 and 1952. In these two years, there were 238 and 102 cases respectively. Until 1959, there was no human rabies. After 1961, there was no longer animal rabies. But in 2002, one imported case was discovered and stunned the public health sector in Taiwan.
According to Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003 conducted by Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, no rabies cases were discovered after the investigation. Thus, Taiwan is still non-epidemic area. Taiwanese dogs’ positive rate of antibody is about 50.4 percent. (Please refer to the table one. Lee, Shu-Hui et al., 2003). However, lots of efforts still need to be done for the lowest positive rate maintenance between 54% and 62% according to WHO’s standard.
In Asia, apart from Japan and Taiwan are non-epidemic areas, other countries are still epidemic areas. Nowadays, the transportation is so convenient that there might be some loopholes. What’s more, the bilateral trafficking is booming. Thus, in future, dogs in Taiwan should be stressed on the improvement of the positive rate of antibody and the government should expand the scale of rabies vaccination to increase Taiwanese dog group immunity. Only this can avoid the outbreak of rabies in Taiwan in future.
Second, apart from the current Statue for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Disease, the legislation of pet management should be launched. The legislation should force pet keepers to register chips into their pets and also include the regular inspection and vaccination. Thus, the related management can be supported by the legislation. The consciousness of keepers should no longer be relied on to make a loophole of the prevention. Moreover, the last outbreak of rabies in Taiwan was over half of century ago. The young generation might know very little about rabies and even do not think that it would occur in Taiwan. Thus, the government should keep educating the related prevention of rabies to the public in order to increase the public awareness of the risk and the active cooperation.
Last but not least, rabies supervising system should be set up. For stray dogs, pets and other warm-blooded animals, the supervising system should be built up and collected the tissues, blood samples and clinical symptoms of all warm-blooded animals. The databank of epidemiology should be set up to realize the change of the disease and to take some proper actions.
In the past, the prevention made Taiwan become one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. If the prevention can be carried on more thoroughly in the future, it is believed that rabies can be officially declared that it is extinct in Taiwan as another great achievement of public health in Taiwan.
Table One: the examination result of dog rabies vaccine antibody ELISA
Origin Amount of Serological Test Positive Number(Positive Rate)
Pets 1,559 980 (62.9%)
Stray dogs 2,099 863 ( 41.1%)
Total 3,658 1,843 (50.4%)
Data Resource：Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Data Resources:
1. http://vettech.nvri.gov.tw/Articles/report/886.html
2. http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/Animal_Dise/rabies/rabies.htm
3. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
4. http://www.rabies.com/
September 8th , 2007 is World Rabies Day. WHO associates with Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services(HCPHES), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to raise the public awareness about the current worldwide rabies situation and its prevention through vaccines.
Rabies is infected through animals or patients with rabies infection since their saliva carry the virus. Rabies virus enters human bodies from those infected saliva by scratching and biting while sometimes via skin wound and mucosal. Thus, scratching by rabies infected animals is also dangerous and the reason is that animals will lick their feet. Rabies can transmit to any mammal. But the major infectious animals to human are cats, dogs, raccoons and bats. These animals have more chances to contact human beings especially cats and dogs while raccoons and bats are easier to encounter in the outdoor activities.
Nowadays one single person dies of rabies in every ten minutes on the world. It mainly happens in Asia and Africa especially in India and China. In fact, thanks too the current medical treatment, these people do not really have to face the death. Rabies vaccines can highly prevent the disease occurrence. On the other hand, as far as the infected mammals are concerned, the similar oral vaccines have been produced. For those animal threatened by rabies into extinction, probably this is another solution.
Although rabies is curable, still many people die of rabies on the world and the majority is children. Such a problem may not totally result from the medical problems but the accessible treatment for every possible infected person. It may result from the insufficient vaccines and the high medical price. Moreover, in China, the rapid growing of pet raising will increase the possibility of infection due to the insufficient awareness of public health, the lack of social ethics and the increase of stray dogs.
The record of rabies in Taiwan can be dated back to 1947 from Shanghai to Taiwan. After the first reported case in 1948, still some minor cases continued to happen. Then, the vaccination of pet dogs and the killing of stray dogs had been launched. Since 1959, human rabies no longer occurred. After January 1961, animal rabies no longer occurred as well. Taiwan so far is non-epidemic area. Only in 2002, one imported case from China was reported. Thus, the principal threat in Taiwan so far is from imported infection. Health inspection and quarantine will be the main prevention. However, due to the serious trafficking between Taiwan and China, there are still relatively huge chances to transmit the disease from imported cases or the origin of infection.
The important mission of World Rabies Day is to appeal the public awareness and attention to rabies and to make everyone understand the pathogenic mechanism and situation of such an exiting disease. Through the prevention and complete treatment, rabies is expected to become a noun in the history.
Data resources:
1. http://www.worldrabiesday.org/index_en.php
2. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2007/world_rabies_day/en/index.html
3. http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=8023437
4. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index_info_info.asp?data_id=848
5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A673599
6. http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3235830.stm
The Unsolved Problems of Rabies in China Lee, Fang-Ying
Rabies is globally widespread especially in Asia, the major infectious area of rabies and death cases. Currently the incidence rate of rabies in China is only second to India, the second highest on the world while the difficulty in tackling rabies in both countries is slightly different. According to the statistics, in the first half of this year, 1400 people are infected rabies while about 1100 people die in China. Thus, after Taiwan initiated the small three links in Kinmen, the pandemic information in China should keep a more precise eye.
Rabies always stands for top three pandemics with high death rate in China. Facing this situation, the Chinese government does not really take some actions. For examples, every province has set up the regulation of pet raising and issued the permit of pet raising. However, the problem of rabies in China still remains unresolved. Where does the problem come from?
First, though the registration of the pet raising permit is regulated, the registration fee is too costly. For example, in Guanzhou, the registration fee is 10,000NTD? or RMB? and 6000 NTD or RMB is paid for annual inspection. Thus, some pet keepers are speculated and keep the ‘illegal’ dogs without applying for the permit.
Second, the quality of vaccines is unstable and the vaccination is not completed. Rabies vaccination is the most effective prevention from the disease. Selecting the most qualified rabies vaccines is the priority. However, not only the amount of the vaccines prepared in China is insufficient but also some fake vaccines killed people. Hence, Ministry of Health in PRC and State Food and Drug Administration issued the emergent notice to enhance the control and supervision of rabies vaccines and to stop the unexamined vaccines entering the operating sector. However, in the end of July, this year, one case of fake drug was investigated in HeiLongJiang Province, China including the fake rabies vaccines.
Third, due to the increasing amount of pet dogs and the stray dogs in the suburb and rural areas, it is hard to collect data and to control the exact amount of dogs and the situation. This makes the public lack of awareness including the government.
‘As far as I understand, rabies is not increasing in China. China is a huge country. It is normal that some cases appear in rural areas.’stated Mr. Jiang Zuojun, vice minister of Ministry of Health in a press conference.
Additionally, due to the lack of professional management and detention centers, people do not know where to apply for the permit. Even though there are many illegal dogs, no one appeals and even no one deals with it. Under the circumstance of the unorganized management, and the ignorance of the regulation, the related regulation is like a blank sheet.
From those above mentioned problems, China should change the policy toward the decrease of rabies. Currently the Chinese government usually uses the so-called management, vaccination and killing to deal with stray dogs. However, it is not successful and many pet dogs are forced to or mistaken to be killed. This appeals many objections from animal protection groups. In fact, the brutal killing should not be launched but the principal management to tackle the rabies since it always depends on keepers’ determination and social ethics. The most principal reason for dog trouble is that irresponsible dog keepers do not keep their own dogs well. Thus, the legislation restricts those keepers. What important is that the legislation must be enforced precisely. There was no special legislation in the past. However, many loopholes happen because of the loose enforcement. For example, huge dogs are transferred to somewhere else during the check. After the check is finished, they can be moved back. In addition, some packaged policy should be launched to lower down the registration fee and annual checking fee, to manage the dog market, to strengthen the animal disease prevention and the function of control center, to provide free rabies vaccines or to launch pet-raising regulatory group in order to supervise dog keepers in the neighborhood. In conclusion, promoting civilized pet raising for keepers without bothering some other else and following the regulation will be the efficient and principal ways to tackle rabies.
Data resources:
http://www.39kf.com/focus/zt/Rabies/
http://www.cdc.gov.tw/
The Booming India. The Highest rabies Infection Wu, Chia-Cheng
Vaccination and animal control project can prevent from rabies 100%. However, India is still highly dangerous for rabies. Due to the expensive vaccines and medicine, time-consuming and painful vaccination treatment and large amount of stray dogs suffering from rabies, rabies disease in that country remains on top. According to the neighborhood survey in 2003 by APCRI, about more than 20,000 people in every 100,000 people are estimated to suffer from rabies and most of them are male adults living in rural areas without any vaccination.
The animal prevention area is only short-term effective.
The prevention way of animal rabies include that the public is forced to do the pet registration and pet vaccination. Otherwise, the pets would be dealt as stray dogs. The number of stray dogs should be controlled and dogs are induced to be fed the oral rabies vaccine. Meanwhile, those which are infected rabies should be caught and killed. Then, the regular inspection or the killing of suspicious stray dogs should be carried out. All the above-mentioned strategies only apply to the last prevention in a small area. Thus, the effect can be paid off in a short time. However, due to the huge mobility of stray dogs, the control of funding and the difficult resource of vaccines, the rabies can not be prevented in a longer term. The long-term governmental animal prevention strategy should start to investigate the origin of all the stray dogs, to launch dog castration in order to stop the growth of stray dogs. Meanwhile, the education of rabies prevention should be strengthened on publics. The public should get away from stray dogs. They should also take their own pets to do the castration and vaccination in animal clinics and even should not abandon their pets to increase the member of stray dogs. Thus, the problems of dog rabies infection can really eliminate from the bottom.
The value of the importance of vaccine prevention.
The Indian government should cooperate with the drug sector.
Though the dog bite is the major reason for rabies infection in India, apart from the animal prevention to control the disease, medical staffs in India indicate that due to the expensive vaccines and medical treatment, and the 14 day vaccination, most of the patients do not complete the treatment and a loophole occurs in the rabies prevention.
According to the first chapter Rabies Vaccines in India in the first part Is it just vaccines? in New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits？published by Indian National Coordination Committee and JSA(Jan Swasthya Abhiyan) in 2007, the Indian government is accused of using the outdated, expensive and unsafe rabies vaccines prepared with sheep brain. Indian drug controllers never negotiate with MNC pharmaceutical company to lower down the price of safer and new cell-cultured vaccines and to generalize it. The Intra Dermal route of new vaccines can lower down the dose for money saving and security reason. However, two brands of MNC pharmaceutical company, Rabipur and Verorab, are never registered for this technology. Thus, in India, more dose of intramuscular vaccination is widely applied.
Rabies disease in India is still very popular. It not only influences the domestic progress in politics and economics but also becomes a huge loophole for the global disease prevention. Before the international organizations force the government to conduct the precise control, if the drug controllers can focus on the problems of the expensive price of vaccines and the outdated vaccination skills and negotiate in a proper political way, India can be shown as a real country with cultures, economic boom and humanism worth of the global investment and respect.
Data resources:
1. Indian doctors want cheaper rabies drugs ,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/822457.stm
2. The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in Indian stray dogs , F. Cliquet, J.P. Gurbuxani, H.K. Pradhan,Vaccine ,Volume 25, Issue 17, 30 April 2007, Pages 3409-3418
3. Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention. Dutta JK. Trop Doct. 1999 Oct;29(4):196-201
4. Epidemiology of dog bites: a community-based study in India. Agarwal N, Reddajah VP. Trop Doct. 2004 Apr;34(2):76-8.
5. http://phm-india.org/pdf/nha2/New_technologies.pdf ,New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
Does Taiwan Face the Potential Outbreak of Rabies? Yen, Chi-Hao
Since 1959, there has been no human rabies case in Taiwan while since 1961, there has been no animal rabies case. The term, rabies, for young Taiwanese generation, is rather unknown. But it may not be known that Taiwan is one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. The rest of the six are Japan, the UK, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand and Iceland. It may be more unclear that rabies in fact is a disease sharing between animals and human beings. The major infection is among warm-blooded hosts. People usually are infected by the bite, scratches and wound licking from rabies infected cats and dogs. Though there are rabies vaccines, it is useless to inject the vaccines until the infection. The death rate of rabies is almost 100 percent. Though currently Taiwan is a non-epidemic area, Taiwan faces several hidden worries of the outbreak of rabies which are the most neglected parts by the public.
1. The insufficient resources of international health information
Due to the restriction of international political situation, Taiwan is not eligible to participate in the important international health organization like World Health Organization as a member state. An outbreak of a serious pandemic in Taiwan will affect Taiwan to obtain the disease-related information on time and also the international aids will be restrained because of that. The most apparent example is in the beginning of 2003, when the outbreak of SARS occurred in Taiwan, not only the related information and samples were not easily obtained but also due to some reasons even the experts from WHO could only arrive at Taiwan to help until May when the disease had been controlled. If the outbreak of rabies occurred in Taiwan, probably the similar situation like SARS would repeat.
2. The non-transparent disease information in China and the booming trafficking in the islets
According to the statistics from Ministry of Health, China, the first half of this year, 1400 people are reported to be infected rabies while about 1100 people died in China. In this January, 217 reported rabies cases and the number of the death cases were 182. The fatality rate reached 83.87 percent. In the serial eight months, rabies stands the highest number of death among Chinese legal infectious diseases, far more than the second one, tuberculosis(94 cases). Thus, China has become the important rabies disease area. For Taiwan, adjacent to China, is a worry. Two following situations are even more threatening to Taiwan. First, the Chinese government is always trying hard to hide their domestic disease information. For example, several years ago, SARS expanded from the regional disease to the global pandemic. One important reason was that the Chinese government hided the disease information and lied to the WHO inspectors. In addition, many rural areas far away in China lack of the resources and their external transportation connection are not that available. Those health statistics collected by the central government might neglect those areas and influence the value of those statistics. Second, Chinese coastlines are very close to Taiwanese islets. The bilateral people contact each other very often. The trafficking is also common. In fact, those imported cats and dogs should be inspected by Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan and install the chips inside of them. However, these measures are applied to those legally-imported animals. If they are from the trafficking and also not inspected by the custom, the loophole will be very worrying.
3. The problems of stray dogs in Taiwan
Stray animals in Taiwan are always a complicated issue. It has caused some problems of environment and personal safety. Once Taiwan unluckily happened to be the rabies epidemic area, those stray dogs would become the individual virus carriers. It would cause a huge impact on the public’s daily life. Moreover, some people do not respect the life and do not consider about their personal condition to adopt the pets. When they get bored of them, they just throw them. It makes the problem of stray animals can not really resolved effectively and also increases the complication of the prevention.
To sum up, in order to eliminate those above-mentioned worries, the government can strengthen the cooperation regarding the health issues with the diplomatic allies and participate in the related events and conferences in WHO in the international community with Taiwanese disease prevention experience and technology to support developing countries for the visibility of Taiwan in the international community.
In the daily life, the government should promote the prevention and inspection- related knowledge to the public and stress on the inspection of trafficking and penalty. Our nationals should respect life and do not traffic those un-inspected animals back to Taiwan. Pet keepers should fulfill their duty as well. Those pets should be taken to animal clinics or animal disease control centers in any county and city to do rabies vaccination. If keepers can not afford raising the pets, they should contact official institutions such as cleaning units and animal detention centers to arrange some available keepers to take on without producing other social problems.
Data resources:
1. http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
2. http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/070804/5/i99i.html
3. http://web.kinmen.gov.tw/371022800g/news/news16.htm
4. http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1 (農委會動植物防檢局)
5. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
Past, Present and Future about Rabies in Taiwan Lin, Min-Hao
It is believed that rabies was transmitted from Shanghai to Taiwan in 1947 while according to some documents, some rabies cases were discovered in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial time. The first human rabies case in Taiwan was diagnosed by Doc. Lin, Tzeng-Yi in National Taiwan University Hospital on April 15th 1948. Then some disease cases occurred and rabies reached the climax between 1951 and 1952. In these two years, there were 238 and 102 cases respectively. Until 1959, there was no human rabies. After 1961, there was no longer animal rabies. But in 2002, one imported case was discovered and stunned the public health sector in Taiwan.
According to Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003 conducted by Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, no rabies cases were discovered after the investigation. Thus, Taiwan is still non-epidemic area. Taiwanese dogs’ positive rate of antibody is about 50.4 percent. (Please refer to the table one. Lee, Shu-Hui et al., 2003). However, lots of efforts still need to be done for the lowest positive rate maintenance between 54% and 62% according to WHO’s standard.
In Asia, apart from Japan and Taiwan are non-epidemic areas, other countries are still epidemic areas. Nowadays, the transportation is so convenient that there might be some loopholes. What’s more, the bilateral trafficking is booming. Thus, in future, dogs in Taiwan should be stressed on the improvement of the positive rate of antibody and the government should expand the scale of rabies vaccination to increase Taiwanese dog group immunity. Only this can avoid the outbreak of rabies in Taiwan in future.
Second, apart from the current Statue for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Disease, the legislation of pet management should be launched. The legislation should force pet keepers to register chips into their pets and also include the regular inspection and vaccination. Thus, the related management can be supported by the legislation. The consciousness of keepers should no longer be relied on to make a loophole of the prevention. Moreover, the last outbreak of rabies in Taiwan was over half of century ago. The young generation might know very little about rabies and even do not think that it would occur in Taiwan. Thus, the government should keep educating the related prevention of rabies to the public in order to increase the public awareness of the risk and the active cooperation.
Last but not least, rabies supervising system should be set up. For stray dogs, pets and other warm-blooded animals, the supervising system should be built up and collected the tissues, blood samples and clinical symptoms of all warm-blooded animals. The databank of epidemiology should be set up to realize the change of the disease and to take some proper actions.
In the past, the prevention made Taiwan become one of the seven non-epidemic countries on the world. If the prevention can be carried on more thoroughly in the future, it is believed that rabies can be officially declared that it is extinct in Taiwan as another great achievement of public health in Taiwan.
Table One: the examination result of dog rabies vaccine antibody ELISA
Origin Amount of Serological Test Positive Number(Positive Rate)
Pets 1,559 980 (62.9%)
Stray dogs 2,099 863 ( 41.1%)
Total 3,658 1,843 (50.4%)
Data Resource：Dog Rabies Inspection Survey in Taiwan in 2003, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Data Resources:
1. http://vettech.nvri.gov.tw/Articles/report/886.html
2. http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/Animal_Dise/rabies/rabies.htm
3. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index.asp (疾病管制局)
4. http://www.rabies.com/
中國黑心商品背後的“全球共犯結構”
我覺得這篇報導提出的思想方向滿特別的，
可以給寫國際延伸的夥伴參考囉~
芳盈
http://www5.chinesenewsnet.com/MainNews/Opinion/2007_9_16_19_18_57_577.html
楊偉中﹕中國黑心商品背後的“全球共犯結構”
中國黑心商品的問題層出無窮﹐之所以引起國內外普遍的關注﹐
一方面固然是因為其問題的嚴重性不容忽視﹐另一方面﹐毋庸諱言的
﹐也有微妙復雜的國際政治經濟因素（如貿易競爭和防范中國崛起等）
在其中發揮作用。
黑心商品不管來自何國﹐既然對人體對環境造成危害﹐當然都要
尋找源頭﹑追究責任。然而追尋下去﹐我們將會發現﹐問題絕比想像
中更為復雜﹐至少不是中國人沒有良心﹑道德淪喪等這麼簡單的理由
可以說明的。
今年七月中﹐《華爾街日報》刊登了一篇題為〈電子垃圾的全球
路線圖〉的文章﹐把部分中國黑心商品生產背後復雜的“全球共犯結
構”進行了揭露。大家都知道﹐一些中國出口的兒童玩具與飾品含有
鉛﹐甚至是銅﹑銻﹐這些金屬成份將對使用這些玩具的幼兒和制造產
品的工人（指出這點是重要的﹐因為當我們關注黑心產品進口國民眾
的健康時﹐很少人想到制造這些產品的工人）造成嚴重傷害。但進一
步的問題是﹕鉛從哪裡來﹖為何要使用鉛﹖這些產品的進口者有把關嗎﹖
《華爾街日報》引述了黑心產品出口地﹑關注毒物問題的美國環
保團體－硅谷毒物聯盟以及學者的研究報告指出﹕中國制造商使用的
這些鉛中有一部分來自西方國家傾倒至中國的廢棄電腦和其它電子產
品﹐原來在此類黑心商品的背後﹐是一個有毒物質的全球化循環﹕美
國高科技垃圾中的有毒材料﹐出口到了中國﹐經過加工制造後變成了
對孩子有害的商品又轉回了美國。
這些制造黑心商品的毒物如何出口﹖原來是在出口國被定義為無
毒廢棄物﹐規避了相關的環保法律﹐以便輸出到第三世界國家加工再
制。跟黑心工廠下訂單的採購商（往往是知名的跨國公司）知情嗎﹖
他們可能會堅稱不知情﹐但對于生產廠商來說﹐這是一樁買家賣家心
照不宣的交易﹐廠商使用便宜的鉛以壓低售價﹐而買家自然也降低進
口成本。
除此之外﹐黑心食品的問題或許也比想像中復雜。黑心食品之所
以有毒有害﹐一方面固然是食品生產加工業者為了牟取利潤﹐或是使
用惡質原材料﹐或是添加有害物質﹐或是在生產過程中滲進了有毒物
質等。這些都還是制造者有知覺有意識下的作為﹐更難追查的是水與
土壤的嚴重污染帶進食品中的毒物。
今天的中國﹐不僅是世界工廠﹐也如過去的臺灣和許多第三世界
國家一樣成為世界垃圾場。除了中國本地企業制造的污染外﹐來自全
球的跨國公司也是中國環境破壞的首謀與共犯。中國公眾與環境研究
中心在八月公布了一份在中國制造污染的企業名單﹐其中跨國公司就
有一百多家﹐包括大家耳熟能詳的百事﹑雀巢﹑通用﹑肯德基﹑杜邦
等﹐也包括來自韓國和第三世界國家如印尼﹑印度的跨國公司。
描繪這個黑心商品生產的全球路線圖﹐並非要替中國生產者脫罪。
在三十多年來一股腦向西方大量生產﹑大量消費模式看齊的資本主義
狂潮下﹐盲目招商引資﹑踐踏環境﹑傷害勞動人權﹐中國的統治菁英
可以說是惡名昭彰的人權罪犯。
但是﹐在全球生產﹑全球銷售的今天﹐黑心商品的出現與氾濫﹐
突顯的問題不是單單是中國的種種結構性弊病﹐也突顯了資本主義全
球體系的病症。面對中國黑心產品﹐我們要可能要多做點功課﹐才能
對症下藥。
可以給寫國際延伸的夥伴參考囉~
芳盈
http://www5.chinesenewsnet.com/MainNews/Opinion/2007_9_16_19_18_57_577.html
楊偉中﹕中國黑心商品背後的“全球共犯結構”
中國黑心商品的問題層出無窮﹐之所以引起國內外普遍的關注﹐
一方面固然是因為其問題的嚴重性不容忽視﹐另一方面﹐毋庸諱言的
﹐也有微妙復雜的國際政治經濟因素（如貿易競爭和防范中國崛起等）
在其中發揮作用。
黑心商品不管來自何國﹐既然對人體對環境造成危害﹐當然都要
尋找源頭﹑追究責任。然而追尋下去﹐我們將會發現﹐問題絕比想像
中更為復雜﹐至少不是中國人沒有良心﹑道德淪喪等這麼簡單的理由
可以說明的。
今年七月中﹐《華爾街日報》刊登了一篇題為〈電子垃圾的全球
路線圖〉的文章﹐把部分中國黑心商品生產背後復雜的“全球共犯結
構”進行了揭露。大家都知道﹐一些中國出口的兒童玩具與飾品含有
鉛﹐甚至是銅﹑銻﹐這些金屬成份將對使用這些玩具的幼兒和制造產
品的工人（指出這點是重要的﹐因為當我們關注黑心產品進口國民眾
的健康時﹐很少人想到制造這些產品的工人）造成嚴重傷害。但進一
步的問題是﹕鉛從哪裡來﹖為何要使用鉛﹖這些產品的進口者有把關嗎﹖
《華爾街日報》引述了黑心產品出口地﹑關注毒物問題的美國環
保團體－硅谷毒物聯盟以及學者的研究報告指出﹕中國制造商使用的
這些鉛中有一部分來自西方國家傾倒至中國的廢棄電腦和其它電子產
品﹐原來在此類黑心商品的背後﹐是一個有毒物質的全球化循環﹕美
國高科技垃圾中的有毒材料﹐出口到了中國﹐經過加工制造後變成了
對孩子有害的商品又轉回了美國。
這些制造黑心商品的毒物如何出口﹖原來是在出口國被定義為無
毒廢棄物﹐規避了相關的環保法律﹐以便輸出到第三世界國家加工再
制。跟黑心工廠下訂單的採購商（往往是知名的跨國公司）知情嗎﹖
他們可能會堅稱不知情﹐但對于生產廠商來說﹐這是一樁買家賣家心
照不宣的交易﹐廠商使用便宜的鉛以壓低售價﹐而買家自然也降低進
口成本。
除此之外﹐黑心食品的問題或許也比想像中復雜。黑心食品之所
以有毒有害﹐一方面固然是食品生產加工業者為了牟取利潤﹐或是使
用惡質原材料﹐或是添加有害物質﹐或是在生產過程中滲進了有毒物
質等。這些都還是制造者有知覺有意識下的作為﹐更難追查的是水與
土壤的嚴重污染帶進食品中的毒物。
今天的中國﹐不僅是世界工廠﹐也如過去的臺灣和許多第三世界
國家一樣成為世界垃圾場。除了中國本地企業制造的污染外﹐來自全
球的跨國公司也是中國環境破壞的首謀與共犯。中國公眾與環境研究
中心在八月公布了一份在中國制造污染的企業名單﹐其中跨國公司就
有一百多家﹐包括大家耳熟能詳的百事﹑雀巢﹑通用﹑肯德基﹑杜邦
等﹐也包括來自韓國和第三世界國家如印尼﹑印度的跨國公司。
描繪這個黑心商品生產的全球路線圖﹐並非要替中國生產者脫罪。
在三十多年來一股腦向西方大量生產﹑大量消費模式看齊的資本主義
狂潮下﹐盲目招商引資﹑踐踏環境﹑傷害勞動人權﹐中國的統治菁英
可以說是惡名昭彰的人權罪犯。
但是﹐在全球生產﹑全球銷售的今天﹐黑心商品的出現與氾濫﹐
突顯的問題不是單單是中國的種種結構性弊病﹐也突顯了資本主義全
球體系的病症。面對中國黑心產品﹐我們要可能要多做點功課﹐才能
對症下藥。
2007年9月17日 星期一
自由時報8/31的報導
http://food.doh.gov.tw/files/paper/960831am-04_p03.jpg
內容看看就好 XD
重要的是裡面有提到政府已經成立跨部會專案小組
文章裡面也有提到一些網站
我去瀏覽過了，感覺還不錯
大家可以去參考一下
內容看看就好 XD
重要的是裡面有提到政府已經成立跨部會專案小組
文章裡面也有提到一些網站
我去瀏覽過了，感覺還不錯
大家可以去參考一下
主題報導:黑心食品
主題報導
各位好，我是佳真!
我想要把這次的主題再明確的介定一下，
食品衛生包括的範圍很廣，不過這期的焦點是中國的黑心食品，
我學芳盈去維基百科上查：
黑心食品的定義
維基百科，自由的百科全書
黑心食品是指原材料有害人體，製作過程不合格，只以大量生產謀取暴利的食品；或以非法原料製成「高」品質食品。「黑心」一詞源自2000年代台灣《蘋果日報》指中國不斷出現之劣質食品。韓戰時期，中國也有資本家 （中國實行社會主義經濟是1955年以後的事）為志願軍提供黑心產品[。雖然說世界各國都有不肖商人生產黑心食品，但由於嚴重程度及（黑心食品）比例上的差異，目前中國製造已成為黑心產品代名詞，且其層出不窮的黑心產品亦引起了全球抵制中國產品的風潮，尤其在台灣及歐美國家甚至出現了以非中國製造標籤來提昇產品形象及安全性的做法[1]。
主題介紹中，我會介紹目前ＷＨＯ在食品安全上的控管現況及不足的地方，以帶入各位撰寫的黑心食品相關報導之中。各位除了可介紹國內或國際上類似事件以外，也可以討論該國食品安全管制出現了什麼漏洞，黑心食品對該國的相關產業造成什麼打擊？（隨便講，臺灣進口某國鰻魚有污染，於是大家什麼鰻魚都不敢吃）這樣的心態該怎麼解決？諸如此類。總之，一定要以「黑心食品」為主，事件的描述為輔，多討論並解釋那些現象，可看性會比較高喔。
各位好，我是佳真!
我想要把這次的主題再明確的介定一下，
食品衛生包括的範圍很廣，不過這期的焦點是中國的黑心食品，
我學芳盈去維基百科上查：
黑心食品的定義
維基百科，自由的百科全書
黑心食品是指原材料有害人體，製作過程不合格，只以大量生產謀取暴利的食品；或以非法原料製成「高」品質食品。「黑心」一詞源自2000年代台灣《蘋果日報》指中國不斷出現之劣質食品。韓戰時期，中國也有資本家 （中國實行社會主義經濟是1955年以後的事）為志願軍提供黑心產品[。雖然說世界各國都有不肖商人生產黑心食品，但由於嚴重程度及（黑心食品）比例上的差異，目前中國製造已成為黑心產品代名詞，且其層出不窮的黑心產品亦引起了全球抵制中國產品的風潮，尤其在台灣及歐美國家甚至出現了以非中國製造標籤來提昇產品形象及安全性的做法[1]。
主題介紹中，我會介紹目前ＷＨＯ在食品安全上的控管現況及不足的地方，以帶入各位撰寫的黑心食品相關報導之中。各位除了可介紹國內或國際上類似事件以外，也可以討論該國食品安全管制出現了什麼漏洞，黑心食品對該國的相關產業造成什麼打擊？（隨便講，臺灣進口某國鰻魚有污染，於是大家什麼鰻魚都不敢吃）這樣的心態該怎麼解決？諸如此類。總之，一定要以「黑心食品」為主，事件的描述為輔，多討論並解釋那些現象，可看性會比較高喔。
中國誓言加強產品安全監管
Chinese WSJ.com Editors (Editors.Chinese@dowjones.com)
2007年9月7日 下午 06:18:13
這是中國方面的消息
消息來源是華爾街日報電子報中文版
中國誓言加強產品安全監管
2007年09月07日10:35
在當前產品安全問題面臨國際社會輿論廣泛批評的形勢下﹐中國兩位高級領導人分別在不同場合作出承諾﹐要加強產品安全監管力度和法律體系建設﹐從而使全球消費者的權益得到更好的保障。
中國總理溫家寶週四在於東北城市大連召開的世界經濟論壇年會上表示﹐要努力解決產品安全問題。近段時間來﹐中國成為一系列產品質量和食品安全事件的焦點﹐由此也引發了國內就如何避免使“中國製造”成為劣質產品代名詞而展開的一場廣泛辯論。
“中國政府高度重視產品質量和食品安全﹐正在加強法律體系和質量標準體系建設﹐加大質量監管力度﹐切實解決存在的問題。”溫家寶對參加年會的全球商界領袖們說。
與此同時﹐正在悉尼參加亞太經合組織峰會的中國國家主席胡景濤在與美國總統布什會面時也表示﹐中國願與其他國家一起共同完善產品質量監管。
據美聯社(Associated Press)報導﹐布什週四在與胡錦濤晤面後表示：“胡錦濤明確談及了產品安全問題﹐我對他的講話表示讚賞。”
溫家寶還承諾繼續在其它領域積極進行改革。他指出雖然中國經濟增長強勁﹐但是面臨著很多盤根錯節的問題﹐其中包括經濟低效增長、環境惡化、通貨膨脹壓力加劇以及根深蒂固的官僚阻力等。
溫家寶指出﹐唯一的解決辦法就是深化改革。在過去幾個月中﹐一些退休的中國共產黨黨員批評政府改革速度過快﹐警告須防範社會問題﹐並主張政府採取更為慎重的態度。不過﹐溫家寶暗示需要加快而不是放緩社會改革的步伐。
雖然溫家寶並未直接提及改革派和保守派的分歧﹐但是他暗示兩派意見能夠在黨內共存。長期以來﹐中國共產黨一直排除向多黨民主轉變的可能性﹐但是承諾給予黨內批評人士更多空間。溫家寶暗示﹐中國共產黨內部的改革對國家的發展至關重要。他指出﹐沒有政治改革﹐經濟改革就不會取得成功。
溫家寶還對一些批評人士對中國政府表示的擔憂作出了回應。他指出﹐中國必須讓國家的發展更為平衡。雖然中國各地的收入水平都出現了增長﹐但失衡現象更為嚴重﹔富庶的沿海地區和貧困的內陸地區之間存在著巨大的差異。
溫家寶還保證加強宏觀監管﹐以防範通貨膨脹壓力。中國央行(PBOC)的確採取了這樣的措施﹐該行週四宣佈今年第七次上調銀行存款準備金率。商業銀行的存款準備金率將被上調50個基點﹐至12.5%。
中國領導人正在著手準備下月召開的中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會。中國的全國黨代會每五年召開一次﹐會議中往往會確立黨的領導班子﹐並為國家政策制定總體方針。雖然預計此次會議不會對領導層做出重大調整﹐但此次會議的召開正值中國面臨著一系列經濟及政治挑戰之時。
Ian Johnson
2007年9月7日 下午 06:18:13
這是中國方面的消息
消息來源是華爾街日報電子報中文版
中國誓言加強產品安全監管
2007年09月07日10:35
在當前產品安全問題面臨國際社會輿論廣泛批評的形勢下﹐中國兩位高級領導人分別在不同場合作出承諾﹐要加強產品安全監管力度和法律體系建設﹐從而使全球消費者的權益得到更好的保障。
中國總理溫家寶週四在於東北城市大連召開的世界經濟論壇年會上表示﹐要努力解決產品安全問題。近段時間來﹐中國成為一系列產品質量和食品安全事件的焦點﹐由此也引發了國內就如何避免使“中國製造”成為劣質產品代名詞而展開的一場廣泛辯論。
“中國政府高度重視產品質量和食品安全﹐正在加強法律體系和質量標準體系建設﹐加大質量監管力度﹐切實解決存在的問題。”溫家寶對參加年會的全球商界領袖們說。
與此同時﹐正在悉尼參加亞太經合組織峰會的中國國家主席胡景濤在與美國總統布什會面時也表示﹐中國願與其他國家一起共同完善產品質量監管。
據美聯社(Associated Press)報導﹐布什週四在與胡錦濤晤面後表示：“胡錦濤明確談及了產品安全問題﹐我對他的講話表示讚賞。”
溫家寶還承諾繼續在其它領域積極進行改革。他指出雖然中國經濟增長強勁﹐但是面臨著很多盤根錯節的問題﹐其中包括經濟低效增長、環境惡化、通貨膨脹壓力加劇以及根深蒂固的官僚阻力等。
溫家寶指出﹐唯一的解決辦法就是深化改革。在過去幾個月中﹐一些退休的中國共產黨黨員批評政府改革速度過快﹐警告須防範社會問題﹐並主張政府採取更為慎重的態度。不過﹐溫家寶暗示需要加快而不是放緩社會改革的步伐。
雖然溫家寶並未直接提及改革派和保守派的分歧﹐但是他暗示兩派意見能夠在黨內共存。長期以來﹐中國共產黨一直排除向多黨民主轉變的可能性﹐但是承諾給予黨內批評人士更多空間。溫家寶暗示﹐中國共產黨內部的改革對國家的發展至關重要。他指出﹐沒有政治改革﹐經濟改革就不會取得成功。
溫家寶還對一些批評人士對中國政府表示的擔憂作出了回應。他指出﹐中國必須讓國家的發展更為平衡。雖然中國各地的收入水平都出現了增長﹐但失衡現象更為嚴重﹔富庶的沿海地區和貧困的內陸地區之間存在著巨大的差異。
溫家寶還保證加強宏觀監管﹐以防範通貨膨脹壓力。中國央行(PBOC)的確採取了這樣的措施﹐該行週四宣佈今年第七次上調銀行存款準備金率。商業銀行的存款準備金率將被上調50個基點﹐至12.5%。
中國領導人正在著手準備下月召開的中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會。中國的全國黨代會每五年召開一次﹐會議中往往會確立黨的領導班子﹐並為國家政策制定總體方針。雖然預計此次會議不會對領導層做出重大調整﹐但此次會議的召開正值中國面臨著一系列經濟及政治挑戰之時。
Ian Johnson
The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)
建立INFOSAN的起源及以及其功能http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/infosan/en/index.html
The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)
:: INFOSAN Information Note Archive
The rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of international incidents involving contaminated food. Food safety authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies.
Since 2000, the World Health Assembly has adopted several resolutions on the subject of food safety. Member States have called for WHO to be more proactive in communicating about food safety. WHO has also been asked to provide tools and support to Member States to increase their capacity to respond to health emergencies posed by natural, accidental and intentional contamination of food. Furthermore, WHO's recent report on the terrorist threats to food identified a food safety emergency network as one of the basic preparedness measures that needed to be taken.
In view of the need for all countries to promote the exchange of food safety information and to improve collaboration among food safety authorities at national and international level, WHO has launched a new International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN). A food safety emergency network (INFOSAN Emergency) will be an integral part of INFOSAN. The food safety emergency network is intended to complement and support the existing WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) which includes a Chemical Alert and Response component.
The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)
:: INFOSAN Information Note Archive
The rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of international incidents involving contaminated food. Food safety authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies.
Since 2000, the World Health Assembly has adopted several resolutions on the subject of food safety. Member States have called for WHO to be more proactive in communicating about food safety. WHO has also been asked to provide tools and support to Member States to increase their capacity to respond to health emergencies posed by natural, accidental and intentional contamination of food. Furthermore, WHO's recent report on the terrorist threats to food identified a food safety emergency network as one of the basic preparedness measures that needed to be taken.
In view of the need for all countries to promote the exchange of food safety information and to improve collaboration among food safety authorities at national and international level, WHO has launched a new International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN). A food safety emergency network (INFOSAN Emergency) will be an integral part of INFOSAN. The food safety emergency network is intended to complement and support the existing WHO Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) which includes a Chemical Alert and Response component.
What is WHO doing to help countries improve food safety?
What is WHO doing to help countries improve food safety?
資料來源: http://www.who.int/features/qa/19/en/index.html
WHO改善各國食物衛生的幾項方針，概分為幾個面向:
1.預防:建立標準、風險評估、品質要求計畫、新科技產品的檢查、正確的溝通
2.控制:改善監控系統、加強各會員國疫情資源的利用
Q: What is WHO doing to help developing countries respond to food safety issues?
A: Recent trends in global food production, processing, distribution, and preparation are creating an increasing demand for food safety research in order to ensure a safer global food supply. WHO has adopted a "farm to fork" approach in order to identify and focus efforts on those points of the food production chain where contamination of food is most likely to occur or most likely to be prevented.
To reduce the burden of foodborne diseases, WHO is working with countries to build and strengthen national food safety systems in order to effectively manage their food supply. Key areas of work include:
•improving the surveillance of foodborne diseases and monitoring of chemicals;
•improving the ability of Member States to have timely information on foodborne disease outbreaks and food contamination events, to share that information via the INFOSAN network of food safety authorities, and thus to mitigate the effects of foodborne disease outbreaks;
•setting standards for the content and quality of food via the Codex Alimentarius Commission (together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations);
•developing methods for the risk assessment of new foods, including nutrients and functional foods;
•providing guidance on the containment of the antimicrobial resistance which can spread from animals to humans when the animals in question are consumed as food;
•conducting laboratory and epidemiology training courses for the human health, animal health and food safety sectors through WHO Global Salm-Surv (a global network of laboratories and individuals involved in surveillance, isolation, identification and antimicrobial resistance testing of Salmonella) in order to improve the surveillance of foodborne diseases;
•providing an external quality assurance programme and reference testing service and supplies to laboratories;
•examining the safety of new food technologies, including foods derived from biotechnology;
•building effective communication on food-related risks;
•developing training and communications tools in support of good food handling and preparation practices: these include the Five keys to safer food;
•increasing international cooperation on and support for food safety issues.
資料來源: http://www.who.int/features/qa/19/en/index.html
WHO改善各國食物衛生的幾項方針，概分為幾個面向:
1.預防:建立標準、風險評估、品質要求計畫、新科技產品的檢查、正確的溝通
2.控制:改善監控系統、加強各會員國疫情資源的利用
Q: What is WHO doing to help developing countries respond to food safety issues?
A: Recent trends in global food production, processing, distribution, and preparation are creating an increasing demand for food safety research in order to ensure a safer global food supply. WHO has adopted a "farm to fork" approach in order to identify and focus efforts on those points of the food production chain where contamination of food is most likely to occur or most likely to be prevented.
To reduce the burden of foodborne diseases, WHO is working with countries to build and strengthen national food safety systems in order to effectively manage their food supply. Key areas of work include:
•improving the surveillance of foodborne diseases and monitoring of chemicals;
•improving the ability of Member States to have timely information on foodborne disease outbreaks and food contamination events, to share that information via the INFOSAN network of food safety authorities, and thus to mitigate the effects of foodborne disease outbreaks;
•setting standards for the content and quality of food via the Codex Alimentarius Commission (together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations);
•developing methods for the risk assessment of new foods, including nutrients and functional foods;
•providing guidance on the containment of the antimicrobial resistance which can spread from animals to humans when the animals in question are consumed as food;
•conducting laboratory and epidemiology training courses for the human health, animal health and food safety sectors through WHO Global Salm-Surv (a global network of laboratories and individuals involved in surveillance, isolation, identification and antimicrobial resistance testing of Salmonella) in order to improve the surveillance of foodborne diseases;
•providing an external quality assurance programme and reference testing service and supplies to laboratories;
•examining the safety of new food technologies, including foods derived from biotechnology;
•building effective communication on food-related risks;
•developing training and communications tools in support of good food handling and preparation practices: these include the Five keys to safer food;
•increasing international cooperation on and support for food safety issues.
2007年9月16日 星期日
下期電子報工作進度表
本次工作期間為
9/17-26
工作進度為
9/17-22資料蒐集
0/22-26為文稿撰寫
本次主題為食品衛生
重點在於中國黑心食品上
麻煩大家了！
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：佳真、
國際議題：光狐、浩哥
國內議題：民浩、豪哥、芳盈
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
9/17-26
工作進度為
9/17-22資料蒐集
0/22-26為文稿撰寫
本次主題為食品衛生
重點在於中國黑心食品上
麻煩大家了！
本次工作分配：
主題撰寫：佳真、
國際議題：光狐、浩哥
國內議題：民浩、豪哥、芳盈
麻煩有疑問或是需要幫助請儘速提出！感謝！
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