Vaccinate in the vales
Oct 12th 2006
From The Economist print edition
http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=8023437
How to protect Ethiopian wolves from rabies
PRUDENT investors learned long ago that putting your eggs into lots of baskets reduces risk. Conservationists have now hit on a similar idea: a population of endangered animals will have a better chance of survival if it is divided into interconnected groups. The prospects of the species will be better because the chance that all the constituent subpopulations will die out at the same time is low. And, in the long term, it matters little if one or two groups do disappear, because immigrants from better-faring patches will eventually re-establish the species' old haunts.
One endangered species divided in just this way is the world's rarest carnivore, the Ethiopian wolf, which lives high in the meadows of the Bale Mountains. Just 350 exist in three pockets of meadow connected by narrow valleys in the Bale Mountains National Park, with a further 150 outside this area.
Two of the main threats to the Ethiopian wolf come from diseases carried by domestic dogs. One of these, rabies, is of particular concern because it is endemic in the dog population. At first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. It would be ambitious, because the prevailing thinking—that all individuals matter and therefore all outbreaks of disease should be completely halted—implies that a large proportion of wolves would need to be vaccinated.
Dan Haydon, of the University of Glasgow, and his colleagues believe that conservation biologists should think differently. With the exception of humans, species are important but individuals are not. Some outbreaks of disease can be tolerated. In a paper published this week in Nature, they recast the mathematics of vaccination with this in mind.
On epidemiologists' standard assumption that every individual counts, vaccination programmes are intended to prevent epidemics by ensuring that each infected animal, on average, passes the disease on to less than one healthy animal. This implies that around two-thirds of all the wolves would need to be vaccinated. A programme that sought to save a species rather than individuals would allow each infected wolf to pass the disease on to more than one healthy animal and hence require fewer vaccinations. Dr Haydon and his colleagues have calculated, using data from a rabies outbreak in 2003, that vaccinating between 10% and 25% would suffice, provided veterinarians gave jabs to those wolves living in the narrow valleys that connect the subpopulations.
If the threat of rabies arose every five years, targeting all the wolves in the corridors would cut the risk of extinction over a 20-year period by fourfold. If this were backed up by vaccinating a mere 10% of the wolves in the three connected meadows, the chance of extinction would drop to less than one in 1,000. Saving a few seems to be an efficient way of protecting the many.
2007年8月31日 星期五
2007年8月28日 星期二
撰稿的題目訂定
今天是資料蒐集的截止日，接下來大家應該會開始撰寫自己的部份，這時候題目訂定就變得很重要了！有人跟我反應想要做比較廣泛性的疫情報導及相關內容，但是請大家在寫這種題目的時候要注意，避免成為好像只是針對這個狀況做情況陳述，畢竟我們在WHO已經可以取得相關的狀況資訊了，我們的對象也就是WHO的相關人士，這樣很容易會變成重複報導的問題。所以在訂定題目的時候，其實最好能夠針對特定要點去作發揮。例如印度現在為好發狂犬病的大國，怎樣的因素造成狂犬病在印度這樣的盛行，是政治？經濟？或是相關的因素所造成？那有沒有可能藉由國際或是國內的改善而降低狂犬病的流行等。這樣針對裡面特殊點所做的綜合性論述，會遠比我們只提供單純的資料整理好得多，也增加文章的可讀性。所以希望在大家處理議題的同時，能夠在這些方面上多所著墨。
另外，以後我會希望說，在三大方向的撰稿上，能夠有這樣的特性：
主題報導：
會比較總觀性的去做這個議題的報導，作為後面其他延伸性議題的基礎，所以在寫的同時請儘量用比較客觀的方式呈現。那處理上就不要在細節上過於深入，保留給後面的延伸議題有發揮空間。但是更應該有總體性的整理及報導。
國際議題：
我會希望這邊可以從兩個層面去探討，一個是該疾病及災難所存在的政治經濟問題，以及政治經濟上的原因，這些因素可能造成災難的變化及改變，又或許這樣的問題其實可以藉由這些因素的控制得到紓解等。第二則是地緣性，評估週邊國家，去推論、臆測、評估或是論述這樣的問題或是災難，對於國際上其他國家、地區的影響是什麼，或是其他國家可以藉由怎樣的方式去避免、協助、改善這樣的問題。
國內狀況：
這個部份最好能以WHO所欠缺的、國際目前對於這樣的災難疾病所重視的解決方法或是問題，對比台灣的狀況進行評析，從台灣為中心出發點來整理台灣所處的情境。這可能涉及：政治經濟層面、地緣性、國際情勢等。台灣不見得是穩定且有良好處理的國家，更有可能因為資訊缺乏或是地緣關係而深受威脅等，這都可能作為可以論述的重點。
麻煩在大家所寫的這幾天，把握這樣的重點，寫出一篇好的評論吧！辛苦大家了！
另外，以後我會希望說，在三大方向的撰稿上，能夠有這樣的特性：
主題報導：
會比較總觀性的去做這個議題的報導，作為後面其他延伸性議題的基礎，所以在寫的同時請儘量用比較客觀的方式呈現。那處理上就不要在細節上過於深入，保留給後面的延伸議題有發揮空間。但是更應該有總體性的整理及報導。
國際議題：
我會希望這邊可以從兩個層面去探討，一個是該疾病及災難所存在的政治經濟問題，以及政治經濟上的原因，這些因素可能造成災難的變化及改變，又或許這樣的問題其實可以藉由這些因素的控制得到紓解等。第二則是地緣性，評估週邊國家，去推論、臆測、評估或是論述這樣的問題或是災難，對於國際上其他國家、地區的影響是什麼，或是其他國家可以藉由怎樣的方式去避免、協助、改善這樣的問題。
國內狀況：
這個部份最好能以WHO所欠缺的、國際目前對於這樣的災難疾病所重視的解決方法或是問題，對比台灣的狀況進行評析，從台灣為中心出發點來整理台灣所處的情境。這可能涉及：政治經濟層面、地緣性、國際情勢等。台灣不見得是穩定且有良好處理的國家，更有可能因為資訊缺乏或是地緣關係而深受威脅等，這都可能作為可以論述的重點。
麻煩在大家所寫的這幾天，把握這樣的重點，寫出一篇好的評論吧！辛苦大家了！
台灣狂犬病防治史(節錄)
資料來源:雲林縣家畜疾病防治所
http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/salinger/rabies-control-in-Taiwanl/rabies_history_Taiwan.htm
台灣狂犬病防治史(節錄)
(應會與印度狂犬病防治工作比較後節錄摘要利用)
光復後至民國49年間的狂犬病防治工作
從民國37年狂犬病出現首例至45年間狂犬病的防治工作是由衛生機關負責狂犬病預防注射、警察機關負責捕捉未登記的流浪犬，民眾所飼養的家犬依法是要辦理登記狂犬病疫苗預防注射，否則所飼的犬隻會被當做流浪狗處理的，民國四十年狂犬病疫情越衍越烈當年通報病例有238例(實際應不只此數)，民國四十一年政府決定將狂犬病列入法定傳染病，政府行政力量從事規模性計劃性的狂犬病撲滅工作始於民國45年，當時的中國農村復興委員會進口十五萬劑免疫有效期限達三年的Flury疫苗(由美國Flury小姐腦部分離而經減毒之雞胚胎狂犬病活毒疫苗)進行全面性的犬隻預防注射，而以往所使用的本省自製狂犬病疫苗，免疫有效期限僅六個月，故犬隻一年需注射兩次才能確保平安，Flury疫苗確實改善了防治工作這方面的問題。民國46年政府的衛生與農政單位開始攜手合作防治狂犬病，首先於當年的1月先在雲林縣實施示範計劃，由省衛生處與雲林之衛生單位及獸醫同仁執行，在一個月內調查並登記縣內所有的畜犬並進行狂犬病預防注射。民國47年1月計劃擴大在嘉義以南六縣市全面實施，到了民國47年11月全省各縣市除澎湖縣外(因無病例發生)已全部實施完成，除了預防注射外，在這段時間，各縣市政府與警察單位于每月中旬實施撲滅流浪犬一次，對於進口犬隻則需一個月的觀察檢疫期，期滿犬隻健康無恙，始予放行。就這樣撲殺流浪犬、家犬登記、全面預防注射及加強進口犬隻檢疫，總算撲滅這一波的狂犬病的流行。
http://www.adccyl.gov.tw/salinger/rabies-control-in-Taiwanl/rabies_history_Taiwan.htm
台灣狂犬病防治史(節錄)
(應會與印度狂犬病防治工作比較後節錄摘要利用)
光復後至民國49年間的狂犬病防治工作
從民國37年狂犬病出現首例至45年間狂犬病的防治工作是由衛生機關負責狂犬病預防注射、警察機關負責捕捉未登記的流浪犬，民眾所飼養的家犬依法是要辦理登記狂犬病疫苗預防注射，否則所飼的犬隻會被當做流浪狗處理的，民國四十年狂犬病疫情越衍越烈當年通報病例有238例(實際應不只此數)，民國四十一年政府決定將狂犬病列入法定傳染病，政府行政力量從事規模性計劃性的狂犬病撲滅工作始於民國45年，當時的中國農村復興委員會進口十五萬劑免疫有效期限達三年的Flury疫苗(由美國Flury小姐腦部分離而經減毒之雞胚胎狂犬病活毒疫苗)進行全面性的犬隻預防注射，而以往所使用的本省自製狂犬病疫苗，免疫有效期限僅六個月，故犬隻一年需注射兩次才能確保平安，Flury疫苗確實改善了防治工作這方面的問題。民國46年政府的衛生與農政單位開始攜手合作防治狂犬病，首先於當年的1月先在雲林縣實施示範計劃，由省衛生處與雲林之衛生單位及獸醫同仁執行，在一個月內調查並登記縣內所有的畜犬並進行狂犬病預防注射。民國47年1月計劃擴大在嘉義以南六縣市全面實施，到了民國47年11月全省各縣市除澎湖縣外(因無病例發生)已全部實施完成，除了預防注射外，在這段時間，各縣市政府與警察單位于每月中旬實施撲滅流浪犬一次，對於進口犬隻則需一個月的觀察檢疫期，期滿犬隻健康無恙，始予放行。就這樣撲殺流浪犬、家犬登記、全面預防注射及加強進口犬隻檢疫，總算撲滅這一波的狂犬病的流行。
New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
http://phm-india.org/pdf/nha2/New_technologies.pdf
New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
由印度JSA民間團體撰寫，討論幾項重要的公共衛生議題，
其中第一部份Is it just vaccines? 第一章 Rabies Vaccines in India以狂犬病疫苗為例，探討幾個部份：
1.印度使用的疫苗落後且昂貴
2.政府與MNC官商勾結使較安全新穎的疫苗無法普及
3.新的疫苗表皮間施打技術I.D route（Intra Dermal route）減低一次注射藥量，較為省錢，但相關藥廠公司未註冊此技術，因此印度國內仍以用藥較多的肌肉內注射（intramuscular） 技術施打疫苗
New Technologies in Public Health – Who pays and who benefits?
由印度JSA民間團體撰寫，討論幾項重要的公共衛生議題，
其中第一部份Is it just vaccines? 第一章 Rabies Vaccines in India以狂犬病疫苗為例，探討幾個部份：
1.印度使用的疫苗落後且昂貴
2.政府與MNC官商勾結使較安全新穎的疫苗無法普及
3.新的疫苗表皮間施打技術I.D route（Intra Dermal route）減低一次注射藥量，較為省錢，但相關藥廠公司未註冊此技術，因此印度國內仍以用藥較多的肌肉內注射（intramuscular） 技術施打疫苗
2007年8月27日 星期一
小三通後離島防疫業務應如何應變
時間:2003/10/07
重點:關於開放小三通後，對於離島現有的防疫作業可能帶來的衝擊分析
「小三通」條例通過後，除了商業行為考量外，
政府更應該思考，在防疫與檢疫體系上所會面臨的問題；
否則犧牲國人的健康來換取經濟利益，將是得不償失的作法。
立法院於今年三月二十一日三讀通過「離島建設條例」，並於四月五日由總統頒布實施，為金門、馬祖與澎湖地區與大陸地區進行「小三通」之法律依據，該條例第18條規定：「為促進離島發展，在台灣本島與大陸地區全面通航之前，得先試辦金門、馬祖、澎湖地區與大陸地區通航，不受台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例等法令限制，其實施辦法，由行政院定之。」
該法所規範金門、馬祖、澎湖地區與大陸地區之「通航」，以及因「通航」所衍生之相關商業行為，即所謂「小三通」，行政院陸委會積極推動該項政策，要求相關單位依此目的在六個月內完成相關之作業規劃，促進離島之經濟建設與發展。
不可忽略國人健康權益
目前行政院對「小三通」之規劃，包括國防安全因應作為、經濟調整措施、社會秩序維持與兩岸事務協商等，實施細節正由國防部、經建會、交通部、經濟部等相關部會進行評估，惟攸關國人健康之議題，如衛生檢疫及防疫體系之因應部份似未如國防安全與經濟利益普遍受到國人之關切，如「小三通」之整體評估作業未包括此部份，恐有失開放「小三通」當初之規劃善意，即促進了離島之經濟發展，卻可能賠上國人的健康。
衛生署疾病管制局於政府研擬推動小三通政策之際，發現檢疫與防疫是未來進行三通不可忽略的問題，故在「金門、馬祖與福建地區小三通暫行條例」之實質條文審查及各部會之規劃作業期間，積極對擬開放三通之三個離島，進行檢疫與防疫業務之實地考察與評估，以能及早因應。
疾病管制局自八十九年六月二十日至七月四日，疾病管制局各業務單位之一級主管至連江縣、澎湖縣與金門縣進行實地考察評估，以了解三地目前之檢疫與防疫業務，並與當地相關之業務主管討論將來之因應對策。訪視期間並拜訪各縣縣長，對有關檢疫與防疫之問題與經費等事項交換意見，期能於規劃小三通之檢疫與防疫因應對策時能充分反應地方之需求與可能面臨的問題及解決辦法，以及本局對「小三通」之簡要歸納釋疑，並提出開放後地方衛生單位即將面臨之檢疫與防疫問題。
小三通對檢疫體系 之四項衝擊
事實上，小三通對檢疫與防疫體系會造成以下之衝擊：
(一)對檢疫與疫病監視作業之影響
現階段基於尊重人權與對各項疫病潛伏期之考量，依據國際檢疫之項目，對人之檢疫僅限於船舶中霍亂、鼠疫與黃熱病等三項傳染病之通報，在貨物的檢疫方面，可分為衛生體系之霍亂水產品檢驗與農政體系之動植物檢疫，除此之外，各國均需依以國內之傳染病疫情監視來控制傳染病的蔓延，如果開放小三通後，對大陸地區來的民眾、商品與動植物，務必需加強相關的檢疫工作。
依目前所查緝與大陸地區之海上貿易情形，其作業方式均限於小船，未來小三通開放後，由於三地與大陸地區相距如此短，故仍應以小船裝載貨物之貿易為主，小船之數量多將造成檢疫業務之困難，人力之負荷將成為主要的問題。
至於人員的方面，由於航程的時間極短，不易經由檢疫發現傳染病病患，惟有加強傳染病監視系統，提昇傳染病之診斷能力並對疑似病患加強通報，始能防範疫病之流行。
(二)小三通將大幅增加國人傳染病之感染機會
雖然對大陸地區之探親與觀光開放已行之有年，且衛生署對前往大陸地區之民眾不斷的進行衛生教育宣導，並要求民眾出國期間如出現任何傳染病之疑似症狀返國應填寫「旅客入境申報單」，以期能對大陸及東南亞疫區之傳染病加強監控，惟近年仍經常發生民眾自大陸回國感染各種腸道傳染病之事件，對於即將開放之小三通政策，如果大陸民眾可以在離島地區作短期居留，預期傳染病將成為當地最令人關切之議題。
兩岸民眾由於血源相近，對相同傳染病的感受性遠大於其他地區，目前大陸地區的環境與公共衛生概況，尚未達一定之水平，依據其官方「疾病監測」之傳染病疫情報告，自1999年至今年2月份，主要傳染病包括鼠疫、小兒麻痺症、白喉、出血熱(Epidemic hemorrhagic fever)、狂犬病、布魯氏菌病、炭疽病、黑熱病、瘧疾、E型肝炎、痢疾阿米巴、流行性腦脊髓膜炎等，其中有些在台灣地區早已根除，如瘧疾；有些則將達根除之目標，如小兒麻痺症；其他如狂犬病與炭疽病等人畜共同傳染病，在台灣則已有多年未發現，小三通後，離島之醫療資源與傳染病通報體系將直接面對這些傳染病之挑戰，對台灣本島亦將構成嚴重之威脅。
(三)大陸地區疫病資訊封閉是小三通應及早解決之問題
大陸地區目前仍是一個官方資料相當封閉的國家，其幅員遼闊，各種傳染病之發生不但受天候之影響，也因各地情況不同而有甚大差異，目前很難從大陸地區之出版品或網際網路上了解各地之傳染病疫情概況。
由大陸官方出版之「疾病監測」中顯示，其南部沿海-三省一區，包括福建省、廣東省、海南省及廣西壯族自治區，主要之傳染病有霍亂、布魯氏菌、狂犬病、登革熱、萊姆病、漢他病毒出血熱、癩病、鉤端螺旋體病及寄生蟲病(如中華肝吸蟲病、肺吸蟲病、絲狀蟲病、鉤蟲病、有鉤絛蟲病及血吸蟲病等)，惟這些傳染病資料並未適時更新，對於我們的防疫工作參考價值不大，將影響我們對小三通防疫的因應工作。
因此在兩岸小三通實施細節之談判，有關單位對於開放小三通之條件與其後所衍生之問題不可忽視或避而不談，尤其攸關國人健康之防疫問題，更應要求對岸明白而迅速地提供其官方之統計資料，方可確保國人在不失去健康之權益下，獲得開放三通之經濟效益。
(四)離島防疫經費與人力之嚴重不足
金、馬、澎湖地區人口外流情形嚴重，以目前人口基準所編列之地方預算不足以支應當地之防疫業務所需，如八十八年下半年與八十九年度預算，金門與澎湖縣相關的防疫預算僅新台幣十萬至六十萬間，不足的部份均仰賴中央補助，金門縣與連江縣之中長期計畫，如根除三麻一風計畫、登革熱防治計畫、結核病防治計畫、愛滋病及性病防治計畫等則全部依賴中央政府所補助。
人力方面，金門與澎湖縣均由一名課長和兩名承辦業務人員負責全部之防疫業務，而連江縣則僅有一名承辦人員，目前各衛生局仍依賴中央所編列中長程計畫經費所聘請之約聘僱人員補充其不足，且僅限於目前之業務量，如未來開放三通，約聘僱人員又因為中央之財力負荷而停止補助，以這樣短缺之人力與經費，在面對未來小三通開放所可能增加之防疫業務量，勢必無法因應。
因此面對小三通的開放，防疫人力、設備與經費短缺的問題需予以優先解決。
加強衛教宣導考慮民眾需要
資料來源:http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
(行政院衛生署)
重點:關於開放小三通後，對於離島現有的防疫作業可能帶來的衝擊分析
「小三通」條例通過後，除了商業行為考量外，
政府更應該思考，在防疫與檢疫體系上所會面臨的問題；
否則犧牲國人的健康來換取經濟利益，將是得不償失的作法。
立法院於今年三月二十一日三讀通過「離島建設條例」，並於四月五日由總統頒布實施，為金門、馬祖與澎湖地區與大陸地區進行「小三通」之法律依據，該條例第18條規定：「為促進離島發展，在台灣本島與大陸地區全面通航之前，得先試辦金門、馬祖、澎湖地區與大陸地區通航，不受台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例等法令限制，其實施辦法，由行政院定之。」
該法所規範金門、馬祖、澎湖地區與大陸地區之「通航」，以及因「通航」所衍生之相關商業行為，即所謂「小三通」，行政院陸委會積極推動該項政策，要求相關單位依此目的在六個月內完成相關之作業規劃，促進離島之經濟建設與發展。
不可忽略國人健康權益
目前行政院對「小三通」之規劃，包括國防安全因應作為、經濟調整措施、社會秩序維持與兩岸事務協商等，實施細節正由國防部、經建會、交通部、經濟部等相關部會進行評估，惟攸關國人健康之議題，如衛生檢疫及防疫體系之因應部份似未如國防安全與經濟利益普遍受到國人之關切，如「小三通」之整體評估作業未包括此部份，恐有失開放「小三通」當初之規劃善意，即促進了離島之經濟發展，卻可能賠上國人的健康。
衛生署疾病管制局於政府研擬推動小三通政策之際，發現檢疫與防疫是未來進行三通不可忽略的問題，故在「金門、馬祖與福建地區小三通暫行條例」之實質條文審查及各部會之規劃作業期間，積極對擬開放三通之三個離島，進行檢疫與防疫業務之實地考察與評估，以能及早因應。
疾病管制局自八十九年六月二十日至七月四日，疾病管制局各業務單位之一級主管至連江縣、澎湖縣與金門縣進行實地考察評估，以了解三地目前之檢疫與防疫業務，並與當地相關之業務主管討論將來之因應對策。訪視期間並拜訪各縣縣長，對有關檢疫與防疫之問題與經費等事項交換意見，期能於規劃小三通之檢疫與防疫因應對策時能充分反應地方之需求與可能面臨的問題及解決辦法，以及本局對「小三通」之簡要歸納釋疑，並提出開放後地方衛生單位即將面臨之檢疫與防疫問題。
小三通對檢疫體系 之四項衝擊
事實上，小三通對檢疫與防疫體系會造成以下之衝擊：
(一)對檢疫與疫病監視作業之影響
現階段基於尊重人權與對各項疫病潛伏期之考量，依據國際檢疫之項目，對人之檢疫僅限於船舶中霍亂、鼠疫與黃熱病等三項傳染病之通報，在貨物的檢疫方面，可分為衛生體系之霍亂水產品檢驗與農政體系之動植物檢疫，除此之外，各國均需依以國內之傳染病疫情監視來控制傳染病的蔓延，如果開放小三通後，對大陸地區來的民眾、商品與動植物，務必需加強相關的檢疫工作。
依目前所查緝與大陸地區之海上貿易情形，其作業方式均限於小船，未來小三通開放後，由於三地與大陸地區相距如此短，故仍應以小船裝載貨物之貿易為主，小船之數量多將造成檢疫業務之困難，人力之負荷將成為主要的問題。
至於人員的方面，由於航程的時間極短，不易經由檢疫發現傳染病病患，惟有加強傳染病監視系統，提昇傳染病之診斷能力並對疑似病患加強通報，始能防範疫病之流行。
(二)小三通將大幅增加國人傳染病之感染機會
雖然對大陸地區之探親與觀光開放已行之有年，且衛生署對前往大陸地區之民眾不斷的進行衛生教育宣導，並要求民眾出國期間如出現任何傳染病之疑似症狀返國應填寫「旅客入境申報單」，以期能對大陸及東南亞疫區之傳染病加強監控，惟近年仍經常發生民眾自大陸回國感染各種腸道傳染病之事件，對於即將開放之小三通政策，如果大陸民眾可以在離島地區作短期居留，預期傳染病將成為當地最令人關切之議題。
兩岸民眾由於血源相近，對相同傳染病的感受性遠大於其他地區，目前大陸地區的環境與公共衛生概況，尚未達一定之水平，依據其官方「疾病監測」之傳染病疫情報告，自1999年至今年2月份，主要傳染病包括鼠疫、小兒麻痺症、白喉、出血熱(Epidemic hemorrhagic fever)、狂犬病、布魯氏菌病、炭疽病、黑熱病、瘧疾、E型肝炎、痢疾阿米巴、流行性腦脊髓膜炎等，其中有些在台灣地區早已根除，如瘧疾；有些則將達根除之目標，如小兒麻痺症；其他如狂犬病與炭疽病等人畜共同傳染病，在台灣則已有多年未發現，小三通後，離島之醫療資源與傳染病通報體系將直接面對這些傳染病之挑戰，對台灣本島亦將構成嚴重之威脅。
(三)大陸地區疫病資訊封閉是小三通應及早解決之問題
大陸地區目前仍是一個官方資料相當封閉的國家，其幅員遼闊，各種傳染病之發生不但受天候之影響，也因各地情況不同而有甚大差異，目前很難從大陸地區之出版品或網際網路上了解各地之傳染病疫情概況。
由大陸官方出版之「疾病監測」中顯示，其南部沿海-三省一區，包括福建省、廣東省、海南省及廣西壯族自治區，主要之傳染病有霍亂、布魯氏菌、狂犬病、登革熱、萊姆病、漢他病毒出血熱、癩病、鉤端螺旋體病及寄生蟲病(如中華肝吸蟲病、肺吸蟲病、絲狀蟲病、鉤蟲病、有鉤絛蟲病及血吸蟲病等)，惟這些傳染病資料並未適時更新，對於我們的防疫工作參考價值不大，將影響我們對小三通防疫的因應工作。
因此在兩岸小三通實施細節之談判，有關單位對於開放小三通之條件與其後所衍生之問題不可忽視或避而不談，尤其攸關國人健康之防疫問題，更應要求對岸明白而迅速地提供其官方之統計資料，方可確保國人在不失去健康之權益下，獲得開放三通之經濟效益。
(四)離島防疫經費與人力之嚴重不足
金、馬、澎湖地區人口外流情形嚴重，以目前人口基準所編列之地方預算不足以支應當地之防疫業務所需，如八十八年下半年與八十九年度預算，金門與澎湖縣相關的防疫預算僅新台幣十萬至六十萬間，不足的部份均仰賴中央補助，金門縣與連江縣之中長期計畫，如根除三麻一風計畫、登革熱防治計畫、結核病防治計畫、愛滋病及性病防治計畫等則全部依賴中央政府所補助。
人力方面，金門與澎湖縣均由一名課長和兩名承辦業務人員負責全部之防疫業務，而連江縣則僅有一名承辦人員，目前各衛生局仍依賴中央所編列中長程計畫經費所聘請之約聘僱人員補充其不足，且僅限於目前之業務量，如未來開放三通，約聘僱人員又因為中央之財力負荷而停止補助，以這樣短缺之人力與經費，在面對未來小三通開放所可能增加之防疫業務量，勢必無法因應。
因此面對小三通的開放，防疫人力、設備與經費短缺的問題需予以優先解決。
加強衛教宣導考慮民眾需要
資料來源:http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
(行政院衛生署)
2007年8月26日 星期日
World Rabies Day is Designated for Sept. 8
相同是世界狂犬病日的相關報導及狂犬病資料
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/347657/world_rabies_day_is_designated_for.html
World Rabies Day is Designated for Sept. 8
By M.S.Medina
Rabies is a very serious, even deadly disease that can be prevented. September 8 has been designated World Rabies Day according to a PRN Newswire release. The new international event will launch global efforts to eliminate the dangerous and mostly fatal disease of rabies. The 1st ever World Rabies Day will include participation from Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Brazil, Pakistan, Thailand, Ethiopia, South Africa, Germany, Haiti, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These statistics were made available by the August 5 issue of the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association.
Rabies killed 55,000 people around the world last year. Three of those deaths were in the U.S. There is a vaccination available to prevent Canine Rabies. Human rabies can be prevented and Wild-life Rabies can be controlled. Canine Rabies is wide spread in Asia, Mexico, Africa and parts of Latin America where the control of dogs is difficult. Rabies can be spread from dogs, cats, bats, raccoons, and skunks.
In the United States rabies is most often spread from bat to human. The bite of a bat is often small or unnoticeable and can go undetected as people are often bit while they are asleep. Rabies is most often found in the U.S. in the bat population. There were 7,000 confirmed cases of animal rabies in the U.S. last year with 3 deaths of humans confirmed. Hawaii is the only state in the U.S. where rabies is not found. In 15 out of 23 diagnosed cases of rabies, the infection was attributed to bats. Rabies is found on all continents except Antarctica.
Signs and symptoms of rabies: The signs and symptoms of rabies are non-specific. Fever, anxiety and extreme malaise are some of the symptoms. The incubation of rabies can be anywhere from 20-60 days until symptoms appear.
Care after exposure: Thorough washing of the wound is an absolute necessity, immediately after exposure. Receiving the anti-serum and the vaccination is vital to a patients survival.
Pre-exposure vaccinations for the rabies virus is crucial for anyone who might be exposed to the rabies virus through their employment, or while traveling.
World Rabies Day will lead off with the World Rabies Day Symposium and Expo to be held on Sept. 7, 2007 in Atlanta, Georgia. Speakers for the event will consist of Wildlife Services of the USDA, the National Center for Zoonotic, the Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases and the Pan-American Health Organization. The subject will be, "The Challenges of Rabies Control". Jeana Giese, the world's 1st rabies survivor, will share her personal experiences with the disease and her treatment. You can learn more about rabies and World Rabies Day by clicking on this link.
Sources for this article are as follows:
http://prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-14-2007/0004645589&EDATE=
www.worldrabiesday.org
http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
More resources
http://www.worldrabiesday.org
http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/347657/world_rabies_day_is_designated_for.html
World Rabies Day is Designated for Sept. 8
By M.S.Medina
Rabies is a very serious, even deadly disease that can be prevented. September 8 has been designated World Rabies Day according to a PRN Newswire release. The new international event will launch global efforts to eliminate the dangerous and mostly fatal disease of rabies. The 1st ever World Rabies Day will include participation from Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Brazil, Pakistan, Thailand, Ethiopia, South Africa, Germany, Haiti, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These statistics were made available by the August 5 issue of the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association.
Rabies killed 55,000 people around the world last year. Three of those deaths were in the U.S. There is a vaccination available to prevent Canine Rabies. Human rabies can be prevented and Wild-life Rabies can be controlled. Canine Rabies is wide spread in Asia, Mexico, Africa and parts of Latin America where the control of dogs is difficult. Rabies can be spread from dogs, cats, bats, raccoons, and skunks.
In the United States rabies is most often spread from bat to human. The bite of a bat is often small or unnoticeable and can go undetected as people are often bit while they are asleep. Rabies is most often found in the U.S. in the bat population. There were 7,000 confirmed cases of animal rabies in the U.S. last year with 3 deaths of humans confirmed. Hawaii is the only state in the U.S. where rabies is not found. In 15 out of 23 diagnosed cases of rabies, the infection was attributed to bats. Rabies is found on all continents except Antarctica.
Signs and symptoms of rabies: The signs and symptoms of rabies are non-specific. Fever, anxiety and extreme malaise are some of the symptoms. The incubation of rabies can be anywhere from 20-60 days until symptoms appear.
Care after exposure: Thorough washing of the wound is an absolute necessity, immediately after exposure. Receiving the anti-serum and the vaccination is vital to a patients survival.
Pre-exposure vaccinations for the rabies virus is crucial for anyone who might be exposed to the rabies virus through their employment, or while traveling.
World Rabies Day will lead off with the World Rabies Day Symposium and Expo to be held on Sept. 7, 2007 in Atlanta, Georgia. Speakers for the event will consist of Wildlife Services of the USDA, the National Center for Zoonotic, the Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases and the Pan-American Health Organization. The subject will be, "The Challenges of Rabies Control". Jeana Giese, the world's 1st rabies survivor, will share her personal experiences with the disease and her treatment. You can learn more about rabies and World Rabies Day by clicking on this link.
Sources for this article are as follows:
http://prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-14-2007/0004645589&EDATE=
www.worldrabiesday.org
http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
More resources
http://www.worldrabiesday.org
Rabies prevention a worldwide effort
http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/aug07/070815l.asp
這是主辦這個世界狂犬病日的主辦單位之一所發出來的新聞稿，對於狂犬病是可以100%的預防，以及現有狂犬病的狀況
Rabies prevention a worldwide effort
This September, a global effort to increase awareness about rabies prevention gets under way
On Sept. 8, numerous professional organizations—including veterinary and public health authorities—industry partners, and students worldwide will celebrate the inaugural World Rabies Day.
The Alliance for Rabies Control, a United Kingdom-based charity, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coordinated the event, which has attracted support from groups such as the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), World Veterinary Association, AVMA, American Animal Hospital Association, and Student AVMA.
"We wanted to make the world aware that rabies is a disease that is 100 percent preventable, and there's no reason why we can't prevent it," said Dr. Deborah Briggs, executive director of ARC, which started the grassroots effort in 2006.
"The ultimate goal is to eliminate canine rabies, and when you eliminate canine rabies in developing areas where it's such a problem, the number of human rabies death goes down dramatically."
According to the OIE, rabies is a neglected, under-reported zoonotic disease killing 50,000 to 60,000 people each year around the globe.
To increase awareness about rabies prevention, events are planned on or near Sept. 8 in Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, United Kingdom, and United States. Each event is unique. In the United States, for example, the Milwaukee County Zoo will host a community awareness program in recognition of the event. In Peru, the Ministry of Health will coordinate a parade and festival in Lima.
Veterinarians at the fore
At its July 11, 2007, meeting, the AVMA Executive Board approved partnership with the CDC for collaboration on outreach opportunities for World Rabies Day.
"The AVMA's partnership with the CDC on World Rabies Day exemplifies the mission of the AVMA to improve both human health and animal health," said Dr. Lynne White, assistant director of the AVMA Scientific Activities Division. "The partnership also shows that strong collaboration between public health and animal health partners truly enhances the lives of both people and animals."
The AVMA, along with other associations, has worked closely with event organizers in developing a tool kit to aid veterinarians in spreading the word about rabies prevention. The tool kit includes the AVMA brochure "What you should know about rabies," a list of ideas on how to support the event, and message points to use when talking with clients.
"I think one of the most important things veterinarians can do is to educate their clients about responsible pet ownership," Dr. Briggs said. "(Another) is to include children in that education because, most of the time, it's children that get exposed and bitten because they don't know how to act around dogs, cats, or other animals."
Along with promoting rabies prevention, World Rabies Day also serves as a celebration of veterinarians' contribution.
"The elimination of canine rabies transmission here in the United States was a major public health landmark, and that milestone could not have been accomplished without the direct participation of the veterinary community," said Dr. Charles Rupprecht, chief of the CDC rabies program.
"So one, it's a celebratory act of recognizing what the role of the veterinarian was," he said about World Rabies Day, "but more importantly, (it's) realizing the active role of the veterinary community today in maintaining that standard and making sure that companion animals are our best buffer to being vaccinated indirectly as a means of human rabies prevention."
Veterinary students contribute
At the veterinary student level in the United States, as many as 25 of the 28 Student AVMA chapters are actively participating in World Rabies Day. The event ties into the association's inaugural One Health Challenge. The fall initiative encourages each chapter to select a timely topic that helps educate the public about the diverse knowledge and skills of the veterinary profession.
To celebrate World Rabies Day, many of the chapters are hosting a Run for Rabies race, while some are also organizing dog walks. One chapter intends to visit children at area schools to teach them about rabies prevention. All these events are aimed at raising money for rabies prevention and control projects of the ARC.
"We felt that it was a great opportunity for SAVMA to be able to provide aid to a philanthropic organization, and to help educate the public about the diversity and depth of the profession, particularly how we can relate to public health," said Justin Sobota, president of SAVMA and a third-year student at the University of Florida.
"In addition, we recognized that this was a world event, and so that certainly intrigued us in that we want to be a part of something that was going to help educate people around the world about rabies."
In the beginning, organizers of World Rabies Day hoped to engage at least 55,000 people to take action Sept. 8, one for every person who dies needlessly of rabies each year. But organizers said the event has far succeeded that initial goal.
這是主辦這個世界狂犬病日的主辦單位之一所發出來的新聞稿，對於狂犬病是可以100%的預防，以及現有狂犬病的狀況
Rabies prevention a worldwide effort
This September, a global effort to increase awareness about rabies prevention gets under way
On Sept. 8, numerous professional organizations—including veterinary and public health authorities—industry partners, and students worldwide will celebrate the inaugural World Rabies Day.
The Alliance for Rabies Control, a United Kingdom-based charity, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coordinated the event, which has attracted support from groups such as the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), World Veterinary Association, AVMA, American Animal Hospital Association, and Student AVMA.
"We wanted to make the world aware that rabies is a disease that is 100 percent preventable, and there's no reason why we can't prevent it," said Dr. Deborah Briggs, executive director of ARC, which started the grassroots effort in 2006.
"The ultimate goal is to eliminate canine rabies, and when you eliminate canine rabies in developing areas where it's such a problem, the number of human rabies death goes down dramatically."
According to the OIE, rabies is a neglected, under-reported zoonotic disease killing 50,000 to 60,000 people each year around the globe.
To increase awareness about rabies prevention, events are planned on or near Sept. 8 in Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, United Kingdom, and United States. Each event is unique. In the United States, for example, the Milwaukee County Zoo will host a community awareness program in recognition of the event. In Peru, the Ministry of Health will coordinate a parade and festival in Lima.
Veterinarians at the fore
At its July 11, 2007, meeting, the AVMA Executive Board approved partnership with the CDC for collaboration on outreach opportunities for World Rabies Day.
"The AVMA's partnership with the CDC on World Rabies Day exemplifies the mission of the AVMA to improve both human health and animal health," said Dr. Lynne White, assistant director of the AVMA Scientific Activities Division. "The partnership also shows that strong collaboration between public health and animal health partners truly enhances the lives of both people and animals."
The AVMA, along with other associations, has worked closely with event organizers in developing a tool kit to aid veterinarians in spreading the word about rabies prevention. The tool kit includes the AVMA brochure "What you should know about rabies," a list of ideas on how to support the event, and message points to use when talking with clients.
"I think one of the most important things veterinarians can do is to educate their clients about responsible pet ownership," Dr. Briggs said. "(Another) is to include children in that education because, most of the time, it's children that get exposed and bitten because they don't know how to act around dogs, cats, or other animals."
Along with promoting rabies prevention, World Rabies Day also serves as a celebration of veterinarians' contribution.
"The elimination of canine rabies transmission here in the United States was a major public health landmark, and that milestone could not have been accomplished without the direct participation of the veterinary community," said Dr. Charles Rupprecht, chief of the CDC rabies program.
"So one, it's a celebratory act of recognizing what the role of the veterinarian was," he said about World Rabies Day, "but more importantly, (it's) realizing the active role of the veterinary community today in maintaining that standard and making sure that companion animals are our best buffer to being vaccinated indirectly as a means of human rabies prevention."
Veterinary students contribute
At the veterinary student level in the United States, as many as 25 of the 28 Student AVMA chapters are actively participating in World Rabies Day. The event ties into the association's inaugural One Health Challenge. The fall initiative encourages each chapter to select a timely topic that helps educate the public about the diverse knowledge and skills of the veterinary profession.
To celebrate World Rabies Day, many of the chapters are hosting a Run for Rabies race, while some are also organizing dog walks. One chapter intends to visit children at area schools to teach them about rabies prevention. All these events are aimed at raising money for rabies prevention and control projects of the ARC.
"We felt that it was a great opportunity for SAVMA to be able to provide aid to a philanthropic organization, and to help educate the public about the diversity and depth of the profession, particularly how we can relate to public health," said Justin Sobota, president of SAVMA and a third-year student at the University of Florida.
"In addition, we recognized that this was a world event, and so that certainly intrigued us in that we want to be a part of something that was going to help educate people around the world about rabies."
In the beginning, organizers of World Rabies Day hoped to engage at least 55,000 people to take action Sept. 8, one for every person who dies needlessly of rabies each year. But organizers said the event has far succeeded that initial goal.
World Rabies Day Strives to Make Rabies History
http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,159678.shtml
主要講述世界狂犬病日的由來以及現有世界各地狂犬病狀況，並針對不同的狂犬病類型作介紹，也提供幾個網站連結資訊。
World Rabies Day Strives to Make Rabies History
Posted : Tue, 14 Aug 2007 20:55:31 GMT
Author : American Veterinary Medical Association
Category : PressRelease
SCHAUMBURG, Ill., Aug. 14 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- World Rabies Day, Sept. 8, 2007 is a new, international event launching global efforts to eliminate rabies. The inaugural event will remind people that rabies is still a very deadly but preventable disease. Last year alone, at least 55,000 people died of rabies worldwide, including three in the United States, which had almost 7,000 confirmed cases of animal rabies.
In the United States, rabies is still present in bat populations (as well as regionally in raccoon, fox, and skunk) in every state but Hawaii, according to a rabies surveillance report published in the August 15 issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
The inaugural World Rabies Day includes participation by Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Brazil, Pakistan, Thailand, Ethiopia, South Africa, Germany, Haiti, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United Sates, including veterinary medical school fund-raisers and educational programs by virtually every Student American Veterinary Medical Association (SAVMA) chapter.
"Human rabies can be prevented, canine rabies can be eliminated, and wildlife rabies can be controlled," said Dr. Charles E. Rupprecht, chief rabies officer for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "People have no idea that people are dying in the developing world because they have no vaccine. Some developing countries have substandard vaccines, and others don't have anything at all."
The event will include the World Rabies Day Symposium and Expo to be held on Sept. 7, 2007 in Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Rupprecht, as well as speakers from the Wildlife Services of the USDA, the National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases and the Pan-American Health Organization, will discuss the challenges of rabies control. Jeana Giese, the world's first rabies survivor, will recount her personal ordeal with the deadly disease.
For more information or educational materials, please visit http://www.worldrabiesday.org/ and/or http://www.avma.org/.
The AVMA and its more than 75,000 member veterinarians are engaged in a wide variety of activities dedicated to advancing the science and art of animal, human and public health. Visit the AVMA Web site at http://www.avma.org/ for more information.
American Veterinary Medical Association
主要講述世界狂犬病日的由來以及現有世界各地狂犬病狀況，並針對不同的狂犬病類型作介紹，也提供幾個網站連結資訊。
World Rabies Day Strives to Make Rabies History
Posted : Tue, 14 Aug 2007 20:55:31 GMT
Author : American Veterinary Medical Association
Category : PressRelease
SCHAUMBURG, Ill., Aug. 14 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- World Rabies Day, Sept. 8, 2007 is a new, international event launching global efforts to eliminate rabies. The inaugural event will remind people that rabies is still a very deadly but preventable disease. Last year alone, at least 55,000 people died of rabies worldwide, including three in the United States, which had almost 7,000 confirmed cases of animal rabies.
In the United States, rabies is still present in bat populations (as well as regionally in raccoon, fox, and skunk) in every state but Hawaii, according to a rabies surveillance report published in the August 15 issue of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
The inaugural World Rabies Day includes participation by Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Brazil, Pakistan, Thailand, Ethiopia, South Africa, Germany, Haiti, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United Sates, including veterinary medical school fund-raisers and educational programs by virtually every Student American Veterinary Medical Association (SAVMA) chapter.
"Human rabies can be prevented, canine rabies can be eliminated, and wildlife rabies can be controlled," said Dr. Charles E. Rupprecht, chief rabies officer for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "People have no idea that people are dying in the developing world because they have no vaccine. Some developing countries have substandard vaccines, and others don't have anything at all."
The event will include the World Rabies Day Symposium and Expo to be held on Sept. 7, 2007 in Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Rupprecht, as well as speakers from the Wildlife Services of the USDA, the National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases and the Pan-American Health Organization, will discuss the challenges of rabies control. Jeana Giese, the world's first rabies survivor, will recount her personal ordeal with the deadly disease.
For more information or educational materials, please visit http://www.worldrabiesday.org/ and/or http://www.avma.org/.
The AVMA and its more than 75,000 member veterinarians are engaged in a wide variety of activities dedicated to advancing the science and art of animal, human and public health. Visit the AVMA Web site at http://www.avma.org/ for more information.
American Veterinary Medical Association
Towards the Elimination of Rabies in Eurasia
http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_070530.htm
前面針對世界狂犬病狀況作描述，後面對於歐洲狀況作一些了解
Towards the Elimination of Rabies in Eurasia
A joint OIE/WHO/EU International Conference
Veterinary and public health authorities to team up to eliminate rabies worldwide
Paris May 30th 2007 - Rabies is a neglected and under-reported zoonotic disease killing an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 people each year worldwide, particularly in children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognizes rabies as the infectious disease with the highest case fatality rate and 99% of human deaths resulting from the bite of a rabid dog.
“Prevention at the animal source is the ultimate key in dealing with a prevalent and perennial zoonosis like rabies. It is the prime responsibility of the veterinary profession to apply its knowledge and skills in animal disease control to creating a buffer between the animal source of the disease and susceptible human beings, ” said Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) at the International Conference that ended today at the OIE Headquarters in Paris.
“Good governance of veterinary services, better laboratory diagnosis capacity and vaccination campaigns in domesticated and wild animals are key actions to be taken. Emphasis must also be put on raising public awareness of rabies and on the need for collaboration with other professions involved, namely the public health sector”, he added.
The OIE demonstrated its commitment by supporting the initiative to declare the 8 th of September as World Rabies Day , starting in 2007.
Dog rabies elimination: a cost effective intervention
“The cost of a post-bite treatment in humans is about twenty to one hundred times more costly than the vaccination of a dog”, Dr Vallat commented. “This is why it is cost effective that Ministries of Health provide financial resources to Veterinary Services to control the disease at its animal source”, he added.
Animal vaccination remains the method of choice to control and eradicate rabies. F or ethical, ecological and economical reasons, the Conference considered that it is not advisable to control and eradicate disease outbreaks only by applying killing campaigns of potentially infected animals.
“Governments should consider investing in dog rabies as the best way to reduce escalating costs of post-exposure prophylaxis. They should establish mechanisms for a fair distribution of the costs and benefits of dog rabies elimination between the various sectors involved, particularly health and agriculture”, commented Dr François Meslin of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Upstream control of rabies in dogs, including stray dogs, should rank high on the agenda of developing countries' national health and veterinary authorities for an efficient prevention of human mortalities.
Canine rabies and rabies in wildlife: different targets in different parts of the world
Worldwide the most common cause of human rabies infections is dogs, but animal reservoirs of the disease differ from one region of the world to the other.
In the northern hemisphere rabies in wildlife remains the main problem. Rabies in domestic dogs is now very rare in Western Europe . In Eastern European countries, the red fox is the main reservoir for the disease and vulpine rabies represents 50% of all cases. In this region in 2005, 1 in 3 cases of animal rabies involved domestic animals.
“The European Union has progressed significantly in the elimination of rabies in wildlife by the use of oral vaccination. We fully share the global concern on rabies and support attempts by EU neighbouring countries to eliminate the disease” said Dr Jean-Pierre Vermeersch of the European Commission.
In developing countries the principal reservoir for rabies is the dog. Today, Far East Asia is the region of the world most affected by canine rabies and where countries have the highest rates of human infections.
May 2007
前面針對世界狂犬病狀況作描述，後面對於歐洲狀況作一些了解
Towards the Elimination of Rabies in Eurasia
A joint OIE/WHO/EU International Conference
Veterinary and public health authorities to team up to eliminate rabies worldwide
Paris May 30th 2007 - Rabies is a neglected and under-reported zoonotic disease killing an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 people each year worldwide, particularly in children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognizes rabies as the infectious disease with the highest case fatality rate and 99% of human deaths resulting from the bite of a rabid dog.
“Prevention at the animal source is the ultimate key in dealing with a prevalent and perennial zoonosis like rabies. It is the prime responsibility of the veterinary profession to apply its knowledge and skills in animal disease control to creating a buffer between the animal source of the disease and susceptible human beings, ” said Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) at the International Conference that ended today at the OIE Headquarters in Paris.
“Good governance of veterinary services, better laboratory diagnosis capacity and vaccination campaigns in domesticated and wild animals are key actions to be taken. Emphasis must also be put on raising public awareness of rabies and on the need for collaboration with other professions involved, namely the public health sector”, he added.
The OIE demonstrated its commitment by supporting the initiative to declare the 8 th of September as World Rabies Day , starting in 2007.
Dog rabies elimination: a cost effective intervention
“The cost of a post-bite treatment in humans is about twenty to one hundred times more costly than the vaccination of a dog”, Dr Vallat commented. “This is why it is cost effective that Ministries of Health provide financial resources to Veterinary Services to control the disease at its animal source”, he added.
Animal vaccination remains the method of choice to control and eradicate rabies. F or ethical, ecological and economical reasons, the Conference considered that it is not advisable to control and eradicate disease outbreaks only by applying killing campaigns of potentially infected animals.
“Governments should consider investing in dog rabies as the best way to reduce escalating costs of post-exposure prophylaxis. They should establish mechanisms for a fair distribution of the costs and benefits of dog rabies elimination between the various sectors involved, particularly health and agriculture”, commented Dr François Meslin of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Upstream control of rabies in dogs, including stray dogs, should rank high on the agenda of developing countries' national health and veterinary authorities for an efficient prevention of human mortalities.
Canine rabies and rabies in wildlife: different targets in different parts of the world
Worldwide the most common cause of human rabies infections is dogs, but animal reservoirs of the disease differ from one region of the world to the other.
In the northern hemisphere rabies in wildlife remains the main problem. Rabies in domestic dogs is now very rare in Western Europe . In Eastern European countries, the red fox is the main reservoir for the disease and vulpine rabies represents 50% of all cases. In this region in 2005, 1 in 3 cases of animal rabies involved domestic animals.
“The European Union has progressed significantly in the elimination of rabies in wildlife by the use of oral vaccination. We fully share the global concern on rabies and support attempts by EU neighbouring countries to eliminate the disease” said Dr Jean-Pierre Vermeersch of the European Commission.
In developing countries the principal reservoir for rabies is the dog. Today, Far East Asia is the region of the world most affected by canine rabies and where countries have the highest rates of human infections.
May 2007
Public health officials urge rabies caution - announce participation in First World Rabies Day
主要講述北卡羅來納州之前有不斷的狂犬病案例，但現有狀況已經改善，並提供部分狂犬病知識以供參考。
http://www.cherokeesentinel.com/news/2007/0718/home/049.html
Public health officials urge rabies caution - announce participation in First World Rabies Day
Public health officials say that rabies cases have increased compared to this time last year. As a result, they are urging North Carolinians to be wary of wild or strange animals. They also plan to highlight rabies in North Carolina by participating in the First World Rabies Day this September.
There have been 251 animal rabies cases in North Carolina this year. There were 209 for the same period of time last year. State Public Health Veterinarian Dr. Carl Williams says that rabies cases tend to run in cycles.
According to Dr. Williams, the highest numbers of cases occured in 1997 (879 cases) and 2003 (769 cases.) In the years following those high numbers, the cases droppped off but then started to climb again.
"This is just the normal course of events when it comes to rabies," said Dr. Williams. "There really isn't anything unusual going on. We expected to see cases climb again. The important thing for people to know is that they can take steps to protect themselves and their families from rabies." Precautions include: • Vaccinate pets.
• Don't try to rescue, pet or touch wild animals.
• Avoid physical contact with unfamiliar dogs and cats.
• Do not sleep in a cabin, tent or shelter if bats are present.
Any mammal can get rabies, but raccoons are the most common carrier in North Carolina. The disease can occur at any time of year, although humans are most likely to be exposed in the warm months when they are outside more often. Earlier this week, two Cleveland County children were attacked by a rabid fox while playing outside.
"Luckily, there hasn't been a human rabies case in North Carolina since 1953," said Dr. Williams.
"Vaccinating pets is a public health success story. But, still many people just aren't aware of the disease. I've seen wonderful dogs and cats desroyed because their owners hadn't vaccinated them against rabies. There really is no excuse for not vaccinating your pet.
Dr. Williams is trying to boost awareness of the disease by joining in the first World Rabies Day on September 8th. His office is working to arrange rabies clinics on that day across the state.
More information on rabies in North Carolina, including county-by-county data, is available on the web at www.rabies.ncdhhs.gov.
If you have any questions or concerns, please call Kim McClain or Sara Smith at Cherokee County Environmental Health at 835-3853.
http://www.cherokeesentinel.com/news/2007/0718/home/049.html
Public health officials urge rabies caution - announce participation in First World Rabies Day
Public health officials say that rabies cases have increased compared to this time last year. As a result, they are urging North Carolinians to be wary of wild or strange animals. They also plan to highlight rabies in North Carolina by participating in the First World Rabies Day this September.
There have been 251 animal rabies cases in North Carolina this year. There were 209 for the same period of time last year. State Public Health Veterinarian Dr. Carl Williams says that rabies cases tend to run in cycles.
According to Dr. Williams, the highest numbers of cases occured in 1997 (879 cases) and 2003 (769 cases.) In the years following those high numbers, the cases droppped off but then started to climb again.
"This is just the normal course of events when it comes to rabies," said Dr. Williams. "There really isn't anything unusual going on. We expected to see cases climb again. The important thing for people to know is that they can take steps to protect themselves and their families from rabies." Precautions include: • Vaccinate pets.
• Don't try to rescue, pet or touch wild animals.
• Avoid physical contact with unfamiliar dogs and cats.
• Do not sleep in a cabin, tent or shelter if bats are present.
Any mammal can get rabies, but raccoons are the most common carrier in North Carolina. The disease can occur at any time of year, although humans are most likely to be exposed in the warm months when they are outside more often. Earlier this week, two Cleveland County children were attacked by a rabid fox while playing outside.
"Luckily, there hasn't been a human rabies case in North Carolina since 1953," said Dr. Williams.
"Vaccinating pets is a public health success story. But, still many people just aren't aware of the disease. I've seen wonderful dogs and cats desroyed because their owners hadn't vaccinated them against rabies. There really is no excuse for not vaccinating your pet.
Dr. Williams is trying to boost awareness of the disease by joining in the first World Rabies Day on September 8th. His office is working to arrange rabies clinics on that day across the state.
More information on rabies in North Carolina, including county-by-county data, is available on the web at www.rabies.ncdhhs.gov.
If you have any questions or concerns, please call Kim McClain or Sara Smith at Cherokee County Environmental Health at 835-3853.
Essential rabies maps
Disclaimers
The presentation of material on the maps contained herein does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areas or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers and boundaries.
Data source:World Survey of Rabies/Rabies Bulletin in Europe/Bulletin of Epidemiological Surveillance of Rabies in the Americas/Office International d’Epizooties
Map production: Public Health Mapping Group, Communicable Diseases (CDS), World Health Organization, October 2003
中國狂犬病死亡率高 台疾管局籲當心
時間：2007年二月
新聞重點：
1.大陸疫情略述
2.過去三年中一名大陸病患曾在台灣發病身亡
3.衛生署疾病管制局為配合小三通春運啟動，十二日在金門水頭碼頭進行防疫宣導
(國內方面可對這個層面尋找資料)
中國狂犬病死亡率高 台疾管局籲當心
________________________________________
【大紀元2月12日報導】(大紀元綜合報導)中國狂犬病疫情持續發燒，根據中國衛生部公布的法定傳染病疫情報告指出，大陸狂犬病疫情高居1月份傳染病死亡人數榜首。由於狂犬病被咬傷發病後的死亡率高達100%，加上兩岸民眾往來頻繁，台灣疾管局呼籲最近有計畫前往中國的旅客，一定要特別留意，避免接觸犬隻，如果不慎被犬隻咬傷，一定要立即施打疫苗，以免發生危險。
根據中國衛生部報告指出，大陸1月份狂犬病單病種發病人數高達217人，截至1月底為止，更已經造成182人死亡，狂犬病死亡率高達84%。對此，衛生署疾病管制局副局長施文儀表示，民眾一旦被患有狂犬病的犬隻咬傷，如果沒有立即施打疫苗，一般來說，通常2到6天就會發病，發病後再打疫苗不但沒效之外，咬傷發病後的死亡率更高達100%，因此，疾管局呼籲經常往來大陸的民眾提防狂犬病的疫情傳染。
施文儀指出，台灣過去三年來就曾出現一名大陸遊客，在中國不小心被犬隻咬傷，沒有立即施打疫苗，後來到台灣後卻不幸發病死亡案例。疾管局強調，由於疫苗對狂犬病有很好的保護效果，民眾出發前可以先施打主動免疫疫苗，或是在被咬傷後趕緊打被動免疫疫苗，以預防狂犬病發作的不幸事件發生。
除了狂犬病疫情的威脅，針對喜歡出國旅遊的民眾，疾管局也提醒，落後國家A肝的盛行率也高，出門在外飲食一定要特別小心，少碰路邊攤，並注意餐盤衛生。
此外，衛生署疾病管制局為配合小三通過年運輸潮實施，昨天開始在金門水頭碼頭展開防疫宣導，致贈入境旅客防疫福袋，祝福新春快樂並且關心健康，很受歡迎。
疾管局金門辦事處主任王賀舜表示，為防範新型流感入侵，水頭碼頭設有發燒篩檢站，一旦自中國大陸入境旅客被檢測出耳溫達攝氏38度，旅遊史有禽鳥接觸記錄，將會啟動防疫機制，以確保國人健康。◇
2/12/2007 11:55:09 PM
本文網址: http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/2/12/n1620773.htm
China reports sharp rise in rabies
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3235830.stm
China reports sharp rise in rabies
searched by:佳真~
時間：2003年十一月
新聞重點：
1.狂犬病死亡率62%，1297人死亡，為SARS死亡率的四倍
2.原因：寵物增加、流浪狗增加、公衛意識不足、疫苗品質低落
Last Updated: Tuesday, 25 November, 2003, 11:12 GMT
The number of rabies cases reported in China has risen sharply, with nearly 1,300 people dying from the disease in the first nine months of this year according to state media reports.
The number of deaths reportedly leapt 62% over the same period last year.
Experts believe the growing popularity of household pets is mainly responsible for the surge.
But the China Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, quoted by the China Daily, also blames the low quality of vaccinations and poor public awareness of rabies.
Correspondents say the number of rabies deaths in mainland China this year is already nearly four times higher than the 349 attributed to the Sars virus which caused panic throughout the country earlier this year.
Rabies killed 1,297 people up to the end of September this year, compared to 1,003 deaths reported by the Health Ministry for the whole of 2002, the China Daily reported.
The paper said that in addition to poor understanding of the disease and the prevalence of domestic pets, the number of stray dogs was also to blame.
Rabies is a fatal virus normally transmitted through the saliva of a range of animals, and its symptoms include fever, spasms, panic, hallucinations, and coma leading to death.
A vaccine will only work when administered immediately after the victim is bitten by a rabid animal, and cannot cure rabies once the virus takes hold.
China reports sharp rise in rabies
searched by:佳真~
時間：2003年十一月
新聞重點：
1.狂犬病死亡率62%，1297人死亡，為SARS死亡率的四倍
2.原因：寵物增加、流浪狗增加、公衛意識不足、疫苗品質低落
Last Updated: Tuesday, 25 November, 2003, 11:12 GMT
The number of rabies cases reported in China has risen sharply, with nearly 1,300 people dying from the disease in the first nine months of this year according to state media reports.
The number of deaths reportedly leapt 62% over the same period last year.
Experts believe the growing popularity of household pets is mainly responsible for the surge.
But the China Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, quoted by the China Daily, also blames the low quality of vaccinations and poor public awareness of rabies.
Correspondents say the number of rabies deaths in mainland China this year is already nearly four times higher than the 349 attributed to the Sars virus which caused panic throughout the country earlier this year.
Rabies killed 1,297 people up to the end of September this year, compared to 1,003 deaths reported by the Health Ministry for the whole of 2002, the China Daily reported.
The paper said that in addition to poor understanding of the disease and the prevalence of domestic pets, the number of stray dogs was also to blame.
Rabies is a fatal virus normally transmitted through the saliva of a range of animals, and its symptoms include fever, spasms, panic, hallucinations, and coma leading to death.
A vaccine will only work when administered immediately after the victim is bitten by a rabid animal, and cannot cure rabies once the virus takes hold.
Indian doctors want cheaper rabies drugs
Stray dogs are the major carriers of rabiesBy Geeta Pandey in Delhi
主要在於講述印度在狂犬病的疫苗及藥物上的不足以及現有藥物過於昂貴的問題
Nearly 30,000 people in India die of rabies every year.Doctors say 90% of all rabies cases are caused by dogbites, and the problem assumes serious proportions considering that India reports 3m dogbites every year.
According to an estimate, India has a stray dog population of 25m, which means there is one stray dog for every 40 people.
As the world observes World Rabies Day on 6 July, doctors are asking the government to check the stray dog menance and to make available cheaper anti-rabies drugs.
The Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India (APCRI) has called upon the government to rehabilitate the stray dogs in areas where they will not be a threat to humans.
APCRI president Dr MK Sudarshan says rabies is a fatal disease, but it can be prevented if proper treatment is given.
Drug not available
But the non-availability of immunoglobin, a drug essential in the treatment of rabies, is resulting in a lot of deaths.
Dr Sudarshan says India produces only 120 litres of the drug against an annual demand of 1,500 litres.
This shortfall, he says, has to be met by imports.
Dr Amlan Goswami, who runs an anti-rabies clinic in Calcutta, says the drug has not been available since May.
Also, most anti-rabies vaccines being used in government-run hospitals are banned by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as they can sometimes cause paralysis of the limbs and affect the nervous system.
Moreover, the administration of these vaccines is very painful. The shots have to be taken in the abdomen on a daily basis for 14 days, and very few patients complete the course.
Expensive options
But the modern tissue-culture-based vaccines, which need only five shots, and have the WHO approval, are very expensive and out of the reach of most people.
To focus attention on the disease and generate public awareness, the APRCRI is holding a two-day conference in the southern city of Bangalore, beginning Saturday.
Scientists from the WHO, France, the US, Germany, Thailand and Sri Lanka will meet at the conference to review the rabies control strategy in India.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/822457.stm
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